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. 2023 Aug 5;74(22):6904–6921. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erad272

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© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Fig. 2. — Mechanism of nuclear auxin signaling pathway and auxin-dependent regulation of gene expression by MP/ARF5. BDL/IAA12 repressor binds to MP/ARF5 transcription factor at low cellular auxin levels. BDL/IAA12 repressor recruits co-repressors: TPL/TPRs. Additionally, HDA19 maintains chromatin in an unlicensed repressive state. This interaction prevents MP/ARF5 from driving gene transcription (A). At high cellular auxin concentrations, the hormone is perceived by the TIR1–BDL/IAA12 co-receptor complex, followed by ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of the BDL/IAA12 protein. The chromatin-remodeling complex containing BRM, SYD, histone acetylases, and other TFs physically associates with MP/ARF5. It facilitates chromatin opening and further activation of gene transcription in response to auxin (B). At a suboptimal auxin level, MP/ARF5 may oligomerize with MP/ARF5 or other ARFs, which can shut down expression of the target genes (C). Ac, acetyl group; ASK1, ARABIDOPSIS SKP1 HOMOLOG; Aux/IAA, AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID; BDL/IAA12, BODENLOS/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID 12; BRM/SYD, BRAHMA/SPLAYED; CUL1, CULLIN 1; E2, UBIQUITIN-LIGASE; HAT, HISTONE ACETYLASE; HDA19, HISTONE DEACETYLASE 19; MP/ARF5, MONOPTEROS/AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 5; RBX1, RING-BOX 1; TF, transcription factor; TIR1/AFB, TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESISTANT1/AUXIN SIGNALING F-BOX; TPL/TPR, TOPLESS/TOPLESS RELATED; Ub, ubiquitin. Created with BioRender.com.