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. 2023 Nov 17;10:1301468. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1301468

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Copyright © 2023 Zhao, Sui, Zhang and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Proposed metabolism of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside CK, Rg3, Rh2, and PPD from the root of ginseng by gut microbiota. When fresh or dried ginsengs are orally administered in human or animals, ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd present in these ginsengs are metabolized to compound K, Rg3, Rh2 and PPD by intestinal bacteria. (Ara(f), Arabitol(fucosyl group); Ara(p), Arabitol(phosphate group): Glc, Glucose; Rc, ginsenoside Rc; Mb, ginsenoside Mb; Mc, ginsenoside Mc; Rb1, ginsenoside Rb1; Rd, ginsenoside Rd; F2, ginsenoside F2; Rb2, ginsenoside Rb2; CO, ginsenoside CO; CK, ginsenoside CK; Rg3, ginsenoside Rg3; RH2, ginsenoside RH2; PPD, ginsenoside PPD).