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. 2023 Nov 17;10:1301468. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1301468

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Copyright © 2023 Zhao, Sui, Zhang and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Proposed metabolism of protopanaxatriol ginsenoside Re, Rg1, and Rf from dried ginseng by gastrointestinal microbiota. When fresh or dried ginsengs are orally administered in humans or animals. Re, Rg1, and Rf in these ginsengs are metabolized to PPT. (Glc, glucose; Rha, rhamnose; Re, ginsenoside Re; F1, ginsenoside F1; Rg1, ginsenoside Rg1; Rh1, ginsenoside Rh1; PPT, ginsenoside PPT; Rf, ginsenoside Rf).