Table 6.
Biochemical blood panel (Mean ± SD) of lactating cows fed diets containing (HBFG) or not (CG) hydroponic barley forage on days T-14, T14, T28, and T42.
| Time points | Effect (P) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter | T−14 | T14 | T28 | T42 | Diet | Time | Diet × Time |
| AST (55–150 IU/L) | 0.6355 | 0.255 | 0.6973 | ||||
| CG | 122.90 ± 47.29 | 107.87 ± 59.45 | 112.83 ± 40.07 | 106.60 ± 30.90 | |||
| HBFG | 124.00 ± 51.37 | 120.10 ± 46.49 | 116.63 ± 39.47 | 121.77 ± 40.70 | |||
| p * | 0.92 | 0.30 | 0.74 | 0.19 | |||
| ALT (17–37 IU/L) | 0.7841 | <0.0001 | 0.3036 | ||||
| CG | 28.30 ± 8.22 | 33.53 ± 7.27 | 36.50 ± 5.89 | 35.20 ± 7.03 | |||
| HBFG | 29.43 ± 7.73 | 33.90 ± 5.43 | 34.60 ± 5.05 | 36.53 ± 6.46 | |||
| p * | 0.51 | 0.83 | 0.27 | 0.44 | |||
| ALP (29–99 IU/L) | 0.4318 | <0.0001 | 0.2549 | ||||
| CG | 85.53 ± 35.45 | 58.40 ± 21.63 | 65.00 ± 29.82 | 57.60 ± 23.51 | |||
| HBFG | 78.57 ± 39.83 | 61.40 ± 25.57 | 55.60 ± 24.56 | 50.00 ± 24.93 | |||
| p * | 0.35 | 0.69 | 0.21 | 0.31 | |||
| T Bil (0.1–0.6 mg/dL) | 0.7590 | <0.0001 | 0.0012 | ||||
| CG | 0.28 ± 0.13 | 0.07 ± 0.04 | 0.14 ± 0.04 | 0.10 ± 0.06 | |||
| HBFG | 0.31 ± 0.14 | 0.11 ± 0.06 | 0.08 ± 0.03 | 0.07 ± 0.05 | |||
| p * | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.001 | 0.12 | |||
| TP (5.9–7.7 g/dL) | |||||||
| CG | 7.49 ± 0.45 | 7.36 ± 0.95 | 7.63 ± 0.40 | 7.81 ± 0.58 | 0.6294 | 0.0181 | 0.2091 |
| HBFG | 7.31 ± 0.67 | 7.49 ± 1.04 | 7.79 ± 0.74 | 7.64 ± 0.60 | |||
| p * | 0.31 | 0.48 | 0.37 | 0.36 | |||
| Alb (2.9–3.5 g/dL) | 0.2858 | 0.095 | 0.004 | ||||
| CG | 3.47 ± 0.29 | 3.39 ± 0.38 | 3.38 ± 0.26 | 3.54 ± 0.28 | |||
| HBFG | 3.43 ± 0.32 | 3.43 ± 0.42 | 3.63 ± 0.21 | 3.59 ± 0.22 | |||
| p * | 0.58 | 0.58 | 0.002 | 0.50 | |||
| Cholesterol (70–170 mg/dL) | 0.8960 | <0.0001 | 0.3676 | ||||
| CG | 150.33 ± 36.56 | 241.77 ± 59.24 | 248.37 ± 47.53 | 238.77 ± 48.95 | |||
| HBFG | 152.63 ± 53.16 | 234.33 ± 50.32 | 256.00 ± 49.08 | 255.60 ± 45.70 | |||
| p * | 0.86 | 0.56 | 0.55 | 0.19 | |||
| Urea (15–35 mg/dL) | 0.3527 | <0.0001 | 0.4657 | ||||
| CG | 33.70 ± 7.11 | 41.73 ± 8.65 | 37.13 ± 6.94 | 35.37 ± 6.59 | |||
| HBFG | 32.97 ± 8.72 | 37.73 ± 6.31 | 36.70 ± 5.95 | 32.73 ± 5.78 | |||
| p * | 0.70 | 0.03 | 0.81 | 0.15 | |||
| Cr (0.70–1.10 mg/dL) | 0.5834 | <0.0001 | 0.0111 | ||||
| CG | 1.06 ± 0.12 | 1.05 ± 0.11 | 0.95 ± 0.14 | 0.96 ± 0.13 | |||
| HBFG | 1.04 ± 0.14 | 1.03 ± 0.16 | 1.01 ± 0.09 | 1.05 ± 0.14 | |||
| p * | 0.53 | 0.44 | 0.07 | 0.01 | |||
| Glu (37–71 mg/dL) | 0.8533 | <0.0001 | 0.4470 | ||||
| CG | 49.57 ± 11.59 | 63.70 ± 5.51 | 67.43 ± 4.63 | 66.73 ± 4.49 | |||
| HBFG | 50.53 ± 10.11 | 63.87 ± 8.22 | 65.23 ± 6.18 | 68.53 ± 4.42 | |||
| p * | 0.61 | 0.93 | 0.25 | 0.34 | |||
| Ca (8.4–10.5 mg/dL) | 0.0519 | <0.0001 | 0.6845 | ||||
| CG | 9.63 ± 0.43 | 9.25 ± 0.57 | 9.74 ± 0.34 | 9.76 ± 0.50 | |||
| HBFG | 9.55 ± 0.48 | 9.06 ± 0.90 | 9.49 ± 0.36 | 9.68 ± 0.46 | |||
| p * | 0.53 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.54 | |||
| PHOS (4.5–8.5 mg/dL) | 0.5351 | <0.0001 | 0.0375 | ||||
| CG | 6.16 ± 0.86 | 5.87 ± 0.85 | 5.58 ± 0.74 | 5.63 ± 0.79 | |||
| HBFG | 6.21 ± 1.07 | 5.52 ± 1.07 | 5.71 ± 0.76 | 6.09 ± 0.80 | |||
| p * | 0.82 | 0.13 | 0.56 | 0.04 | |||
| Mg (2.0–2.9 mg/dL) | 0.0576 | <0.0001 | 0.3966 | ||||
| CG | 2.39 ± 0.31 | 2.45 ± 0.30 | 2.26 ± 0.25 | 2.74 ± 0.56 | |||
| HBFG | 2.41 ± 0.29 | 2.52 ± 0.32 | 2.41 ± 0.24 | 2.66 ± 0.31 | |||
| p * | 0.82 | 0.42 | 0.08 | 0.36 | |||
| Na (136–144 mEq/dL) | 0.5150 | <0.0001 | 0.022 | ||||
| CG | 138.33 ± 2.35 | 134.77 ± 4.37 | 135.87 ± 3.29 | 139.47 ± 3.11 | |||
| HBFG | 137.67 ± 2.37 | 130.90 ± 12.77 | 138.43 ± 4.12 | 134.13 ± 2.78 | |||
| p * | 0.64 | 0.007 | 0.07 | <0.001 | |||
| K (4.5–5.5 mEq/dL) | 0.4817 | 0.0032 | 0.0835 | ||||
| CG | 4.54 ± 0.26 | 4.27 ± 0.41 | 4.41 ± 0.29 | 4.45 ± 0.36 | |||
| HBFG | 4.49 ± 0.31 | 4.38 ± 0.50 | 4.23 ± 0.27 | 4.38 ± 0.37 | |||
| p * | 0.61 | 0.23 | 0.05 | 0.47 | |||
| Cl (90–105 mEq/dL) | 0.9329 | <0.0001 | 0.0188 | ||||
| CG | 96.37 ± 2.37 | 93.13 ± 4.30 | 94.03 ± 4.20 | 98.40 ± 2.44 | |||
| HBFG | 95.80 ± 2.54 | 90.50 ± 9.90 | 97.03 ± 5.33 | 94.73 ± 2.98 | |||
| p * | 0.65 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.004 | |||
| Ti (57–160 μg/dL) | 0.3830 | 0.0024 | 0.6222 | ||||
| CG | 125.20 ± 27.18 | 127.53 ± 35.85 | 139.53 ± 27.20 | 138.40 ± 37.59 | |||
| HBFG | 118.70 ± 30.87 | 128.73 ± 28.41 | 132.17 ± 36.92 | 143.83 ± 29.13 | |||
| p * | 0.43 | 0.88 | 0.37 | 0.51 | |||
| NEFA (0.10–0.50 mEq/L) | 0.1549 | <0.0001 | 0.002 | ||||
| CG | 0.20 ± 0.08 | 0.12 ± 0.04 | 0.15 ± 0.04 | 0.12 ± 0.04 | |||
| HBFG | 0.18 ± 0.07 | 0.14 ± 0.06 | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.11 ± 0.08 | |||
| p * | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.004 | 0.72 | |||
Significant p-values are printed in bold. Alb, Albumin; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; Ca, calcium; Cl, chloride; Cr, creatinine; Ti, total iron; Glu, glucose; K, potassium; NA, sodium; Mg, magnesium; NEFA, not esterified fatty acids; PHOS, phosphorus; T Bil, total bilirubin; TP, total proteins. * Diet effect at each time.