Table 2.
Descriptive statistics and comparisons of participant characteristics across household types.
| Adoptive Household n = 386 (83%) | Biological Household n = 80 (17%) | Adopted vs. Biological Child | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Range | M or % | SD | M or % | SD | d | OR |
| Child Sex | |||||||
| Male | 0–1 | 57.77 | % | 42.50 | % | — | 1.85* |
| Female | 0–1 | 42.23 | % | 57.50 | % | — | 0.54* |
| Child Race & Ethnicity | |||||||
| White non-Hispanic | 0–1 | 55.44 | % | 62.50 | % | — | 0.75 |
| Multiple races | 0–1 | 24.87 | % | 13.75 | % | — | 2.08* |
| Black | 0–1 | 12.44 | % | 16.25 | % | — | 0.73 |
| Other race or ethnicity | 0–1 | 7.25 | % | 7.50 | % | — | 0.96 |
| Prenatal substance use | 0–1 | ||||||
| No | 0–1 | 60.62 | % | 70.20 | % | — | 0.64 |
| Yes | 0–1 | 39.38 | % | 29.80 | % | — | 1.53 |
| BF externalizing behaviors | −3.7–4.8 | 0.03 | 1.80 | 0.38 | 1.73 | 0.01 | — |
| BF internalizing behaviors | −3.5–5.4 | 0.02 | 1.56 | 0.04 | 1.65 | 0.20 | — |
| Prosocial baseline | 10.0–72.5 | 49.82 | 8.63 | 45.41 | 12.22 | −0.47** | — |
| Prosocial age 11 | 1.0–10.0 | 8.31 | 1.59 | 7.35 | 2.05 | −0.57** | — |
| Positive affectivity | 3.4–7.0 | 5.86 | 0.53 | 5.79 | 0.74 | −0.12 | — |
| Parental warmth | 27.5–42.0 | 37.86 | 3.27 | 38.72 | 3.46 | 0.26 | — |
| Neighborhood safety | 2.0–4.80 | 4.56 | 0.31 | 3.90 | 0.62 | −1.73** | — |
| Neighborhood involvement | 1.0–3.0 | 1.94 | 0.50 | 1.48 | 0.49 | −0.92** | — |
| Importance of religion | 1.0–4.0 | 1.98 | 0.94 | 2.31 | 1.01 | 0.35** | — |
| Financial security | 1.0–8.0 | 6.27 | 1.39 | 4.91 | 1.66 | −0.94** | — |
Notes. Results are pooled estimates across 25 multiply imputed datasets. Prosocial behavior at age 7 was collected with the SSRS and prosocial behavior at age 11 was collected with the SDQ. BF = biological family; M = mean; SD = standard deviation; d = standardized mean difference effect size; OR = odds ratio effect size; *p <0.05, **p <0.01.