Table 4.
Main effects predicting prosocial behavior at age 11.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | b | SE | 95% CI | b | SE | 95% CI |
| Covariates | ||||||
| Child sex | 0.16 | 0.15 | −0.14, 0.47 | 0.14 | 0.15 | −0.16, 0.44 |
| Multiple races | 0.13 | 0.18 | −0.22, 0.48 | 0.18 | 0.18 | −0.17, 0.54 |
| Other race or ethnicity | 0.26 | 0.27 | −0.27, 0.79 | 0.16 | 0.27 | −0.36, 0.69 |
| Black | −0.21 | 0.26 | −0.72, 0.31 | −0.31 | 0.27 | −0.84, 0.22 |
| Household type | 0.80** | 0.31 | 0.20, 1.40 | 0.80* | 0.31 | 0.19, 1.40 |
| Prosocial age 7 | 0.02 | 0.01 | −0.01, 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.01, 0.04 |
| Individual | ||||||
| Positive affectivity | 0.28 | 0.20 | −0.12, 0.68 | 0.30 | 0.20 | −0.09, 0.69 |
| Family | ||||||
| Parental warmth | 0.06* | 0.03 | 0.01, 0.12 | 0.07* | 0.03 | 0.01, 0.13 |
| Community | ||||||
| Neighborhood involvement | 0.24 | 0.18 | −0.12, 0.59 | 0.28 | 0.18 | −0.07, 0.63 |
| Neighborhood safety | 0.10 | 0.23 | −0.35, 0.55 | 0.07 | 0.23 | −0.38, 0.52 |
| Macro-level | ||||||
| Financial security | −0.04 | 0.06 | −0.15, 0.08 | −0.03 | 0.06 | −0.14, 0.09 |
| Importance of religion | 0.02 | 0.09 | −0.16, 0.19 | 0.01 | 0.09 | −0.16, 0.18 |
| Risk factors | ||||||
| BF externalizing behaviors | −0.01 | 0.05 | −0.11, 0.10 | |||
| BF internalizing behaviors | −0.17** | 0.06 | −0.30, −0.04 | |||
| Prenatal substance use | −0.06 | 0.17 | −0.39, 0.26 | |||
Notes. Results are pooled estimates across 25 multiply imputed datasets; Reference groups: Male for child sex, where 0 = male, and 1 = female; White Non-Hispanic for race & ethnicities; and biological household for household type, where 0 = biological household, 1 = adoptive household.
BF = biological family; b = unstandardized beta coefficient; SE = cluster robust standard error; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval around unstandardized beta coefficient. *p <0.05, **p <0.01.