TABLE 1.
Publications reporting short term outcomes following DBS surgery (3 months or less).
| References | Patient population | Outcomes duration | Complications reported/assessed | Risk factors noted |
| Abboud et al., 2015 * | PD DBS = 130 | Immediate post-op | Postoperative confusion and hospitalization days | MCI presence, type, and DRS performance did not affect immediate outcomes. Attention impairment predicted longer postoperative hospitalization and showed a trend toward occurrence of postoperative confusion. |
| Abboud et al., 2019 | PD DBS = 130 (48 with tremor-predominant) | Immediate post-op | 7 cases of postoperative confusion and 19 of prolonged postoperative hospitalization (>2 days). | Non-tremor predominant phenotype 10.1% had confusion; preoperative falls/balance-dysfunction. Each point increase in UPDRS III/MDS-UPDRS III score, the odds of having postoperative confusion increased by 10% |
| Carlson et al., 2014 | PD DBS = 59 | Immediate post-op | Delirium following DBS leads 22%, following generator placement 10% | History of delirium, age, and disease duration, opiate equivalent doses, missed and delayed PD medication doses |
| DeLong et al., 2014 | PD DBS = 1,757 | 90 days | 7.5% experienced at least 1 complication: wound infections (3.6%), pneumonia (2.3%), hemorrhage or hematoma (1.4%), or PE (0.6%). | Age NOT correlated with increased complications |
| Eskandar et al., 2003 | All surgical procedures = 1,650; PD DBS = 589 | DBS inpatient mortality 0.2%.; Post-op complications 1.5% (0.5% hematomas, 1% mechanical, 0.3% removal.) | Hospitals with larger annual caseloads had lower mortality rate | |
| Jiang et al., 2022 * | PD DBS = 27 | Post-op | Postoperative complications 26.1% (most common: intracranial bleeding 6.1%, VH 21.7%) | |
| Kalakoti et al., 2015 | PD DBS = 24,787 | n/a | OR 2.88 unfavorable discharge, 2.48 cardiac complications, 2.51 increased LOS, 1.62 high end hospital charges. | Low-volume centers (<5 per year) |
| McGovern et al., 2013 | PD DBS = 18,313 | Post-op | 13% “non-routine” discharges (5.39% home health care, 7.22% long-term care facility, 0.28% death). 6.49% perioperative complication. | Non-significant trend for the low-volume group to have lower complication rates (6.70% vs. 8.02%, p = 0.20), shorter LOS (2.12 v 2.35 days, p = 0.06), and lower mortality (0.12 vs. 0.30, p = 0.15), but also lower routine discharges (85.31% vs. 88.75%, p = 0.15). Comorbidity score associated with perioperative complications. |
| Ramayya et al., 2017 | Total DBS = 347, PD DBS = 235 | 30 days | 30 day readmission 6.6% (3.7% surgery related complications). | Increasing age |
| Rughani et al., 2013 | Total = 5,464 patients (PD = 4,145, DBS = 4,961; DBS for PD = 3,762) | Immediate post-op | In-hospital mortality was 0.26% (0.15% related to surgical factors.) PD patients were more likely to suffer hemorrhage or stroke. PD post-DBS mortality rate was 0.32%. | Increasing age, medical comorbidities. Age >70 years, the risk of in-hospital death was 0.42%, the risk of any complication was 3.55%, and the risk of hemorrhage or stroke was 1.93% |
| Rumalla et al., 2018 | DBS = 3,392 patients (PD 70.7%, ET 25.6%, dystonia 3.7%) | 30 and 90 days | 30 day PD readmission 2.1% and 90 day PD readmission 4.8% | PD 30 days RR: Age 75 + 4.5%, coronary artery disease 6.0%, obesity 6.3%, HLD 3%. PD 90 days RR: Age 75 + 7.9%, coronary artery disease 11.4%, obesity 14%, HLD 5.7% |
| Schneider et al., 2020 | PD DBS = 6,058 | 30 days | Non-elective readmission 4.9% | Socioeconomic status, comorbidity burden, and teaching hospital status. |
| Strapasson et al., 2019 | PD with STN DBS = 49 | 24 h | Post-op confusion incidence 26.5% | Charleson comorbidity index > 2 |
| Tafreshi et al., 2021 * | PD DBS = 3,230 | 1 month | 30-day readmission rate 15.5% - causes of readmission: pneumonia 1.6%, dysphagia 0%, DBS revision 11.5%. | |
| Young et al., 2019 | PD DBS = 183 | 30 days | 29% had length of stay >2 days | Age > 70, frequent falls, poor social support |
DBS, deep brain stimulation; DRS, dementia rating scale; LOS, length of stay; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; PE, pulmonary embolism; PD, Parkinson’s disease; RR, relative risk; STN, subthalamic nucleus; VH, visual hallucinations. *Publications which reported both short and longterm outcomes.