TABLE 2.
Publications reporting longterm outcomes following DBS surgery (greater than 3 months).
| References | Patient population | Outcomes duration | Complications reported/assessed | Risk factors noted |
| Abboud et al., 2015 | PD DBS = 56 | 6 months and 1 year | Cognitive dysfunction | Visuospatial impairment showed trend toward less improvement in 6-month functional score and 1-year QOL |
| Chen et al., 2022 | PD DBS = 211 (191 no infection group, 20 infection group) | 6 months | DBS related infections | BMI, blood glucose, albumin |
| Deng et al., 2020 | Total = 44,866, PD DBS = 32,988 | n/a | Complications 4.4% (highest was 1.8% urinary/renal), in-hospital mortality 0.2% | Medicaid patients higher risk than Medicare, APR-DRG illness classification and preop mortality risk. |
| Haas et al., 2019 | PD DBS = 25 | 6–15 months | Most common persistent complications: “incitement disorders (i.e., apathy)” and “falls” (each 11.9). “Lead revision” and “apraxia of eyelid opening” (1.7%) rarely occurred within the QualiPa registry | |
| Hassan et al., 2013 | Total PD = 3,415 (1,120 had hospital encounter at 1 year follow-up); PD DBS = 356 | 1 year | Rate of hospitalization (48%, vs. those without DBS 31%) | Not entirely stratified by DBS; overall, risk of 1+ encounters: more severe PD, motor fluctuations, prolonged TUG. New presentation to hospital: advanced disease, comorbidities, DBS, cognitive impairment, and female gender. |
| Higuchi et al., 2016 | Total PD = 164, PD DBS = 133 | 1 year | 21% experienced an unintended hospitalization | Concerns from any specialty service during interdisciplinary evaluation: major concern 89%, minor 33%, none 3% hospitalization rate. Strong relationship between worsened PDQ-39 at 12 months and increased hospitalization. |
| Jiang et al., 2022 | PD DBS = 27 | 55 months (mean) | Exposed wire at 4 months 4.3% | |
| Kortz et al., 2021 | Total = 27,956, PD DBS = 18,883 | n/a | Complications 4.5%, long LOS 1.3%, negative disposition 11.2%, high charge 2.9% | Neuropsychiatric comorbidity was a significant independent predictor of unfavorable outcome, with the greatest impact on LOS and complication risk |
| Scelzo et al., 2019 | Total PD = 182, PD DBS = 91 | 1 year | Risk of hospital admissions related to PD was similar when excluding DBS related admissions. Risk of death and dementia was similar. | |
| Shahgholi et al., 2017 | Total = 7,507 (did not report DBS outcomes separately) | 5 years | 25.6% had a history of a hospital encounter prior to baseline. | Hospital encounter prior to baseline: race (white race: OR 0.49), utilization of physical therapy, DBS, # of comorbidities, caregiver strain, and TUG. Time to hospital encounter from baseline associated with age and number of medications. Time to a second hospital encounter associated with caregiver strain and number of comorbidities. |
| Sharma et al., 2013 | Total PD = 14,291, PD DBS = 2,228 | n/a | Inpatient mortality 0.17%, one or more complications 1.02% | Elderly female patients with non-private insurance and high comorbidity index who underwent surgery at low-volume centers performed by a surgeon with a low annual case volume and the occurrence of postoperative complications were correlated with an adverse discharge disposition |
| Tafreshi et al., 2021 | PD DBS = 3,230 | 3 months and 6 months | 3 months: readmission 23.7%, dysphagia 0%, DBS revision 9.8%; 6 months: readmission 29.8%, dysphagia 0%, DBS revision 8.6% |
APR-DRG, All Patients Refined Diagnosis Related Groups; DBS, deep brain stimulation; DRS, dementia rating scale; LOS, length of stay; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; n/a, not applicable; OR, odds ratio; PD, Parkinson’s disease; QOL, quality of life; RR, relative risk; STN, subthalamic nucleus; TUG, timed up and go test.