TABLE 3.

Publications related to surgery associated risk factors and aspects of DBS.

References	Patient population	Mean follow up	Procedure/intervention	Outcomes
Foltynie et al., 2010	PD = 79	12 months	No MER	Mean standard error in electrode placement 1.3 (0.6) mm. No hemorrhagic complications.
Sutcliffe et al., 2010	PD = 46 (LA = 20, GA = 26)		Local v. general anesthesia	Reduction in levodopa clinically and statistically significant for both: 6-month requirement LA 39.4% of preoperative, GA group 32.3%. Reduction in levodopa was maintained at 1 year. Mean duration of surgery was 8.2 h (7.8–8.6) for the LA group and 7.5 h (7.2–7.8) for the GA group (p = 0.003). Mean LOS was 5.4 days (4.6–6.3) for the LA group and 3.8 days (3.4–4.4) for the GA group (p = 0.001). No difference in electrophysiological recording.
Zahos and Shweikeh, 2013	Total = 18 (PD STN = 11)	8.2 months	Frameless surgery	No intraop complications. Two subjects (of total) developed wound dehiscence post-operatively and 1 had fall-induced lead fracture. Motor scores 58% reduction, levodopa usage 47%.
Ray et al., 2019	Total = 206 (PD = 156)		Transventricular approach	Complications 6.1% (highest were AMS/delirium 1.6%, ICH 1.2%, seizures 0.8%, death 0.8%)
Gologorsky et al., 2011	Total = 81 (145 leads)		Ventricular wall violation	9.9% postoperative confusion and increased LOS; all with complications had ventricular wall violation (8 of 16).
Lu et al., 2022	Total STN = 131	7 days	IV anesthesia	16.8% with postop delirium. Preop MMSE (OR 0.855) and UPDRS III “on” scores (OR 1.061) independently associated with postop delirium.
Goodman et al., 2006	Total = 100 (191 leads)	4 years		No deaths or permanent neurological deficits. Complications rate 37% of patients and 19% of implants (highest 5% device infection, postop confusion 6.8%, revisions 3.1%)
Jacob et al., 2016	Total = 211 (PD = 129)		Awake v. asleep cost	Asleep DBS cost $38,850 ± $4,830 was not significantly different than the awake DBS cost $40,052 ± $6,604. The standard deviation for asleep DBS was significantly lower. Readmission similar (awake 3.8%, asleep 4.4%).
Zhang et al., 2022	Total = 94 (PD = 93)	55.3 months		Overall extrusion rate 12.8% (6.4% at scalp, 6.4% at chest). Mean time from initial implantation to extrusion was 72.7 months for the scalp and 52.8 months for the chest.

DBS, deep brain stimulation; GA, general anesthesia; LA, local anesthesia; LOS, length of stay; PD, Parkinson’s disease; STN, subthalamic nucleus.