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. 2023 Dec 1;13(50):35088–35126. doi: 10.1039/d3ra06976a

A summary of sensing parameters and mechanism of animal/human biomass-derived CDs for various analytesa.

Source Sensing process/mechanism Linear range (μM) LOD (μM) Analyte Ref.
Metal ions sensor
Egg shell membrane Turn on–off–on, ET —, 0.5–80 —, 0.48 Cu2+, GSH 127
Prawn shell Turn on–off, CIQ, IFE 0.01–1.1 0.005 cCu2+ 174
Human fingernail Turn on–off, CIQ 0–1.0 0.001 Cu2+ 249
Milk powder + methionine Turn on–off–on, FRET, IFE, DQE 0.01–55, 5.02–883 0.003, 1.48 cCu2+, crisedronate sodium 200
Honey Turn on–off, AIQ 0.005–100 0.0017 cFe3+ 166
Milk Turn on–off, CIQ, ET 10–150 — cFe3+ 193
Goose feather Turn on–off, CIQ, SQE, DQE 2–7 0.196 cFe3+ 205
Egg white Turn on–off, IIQ 50–250 — Fe3+ 129
Egg white Turn on–off, ET 0–25 0.54 Fe3+ 132
Sheep wool Turn on–off, CIQ, ET 0.1–10.0 0.01 Fe3+ 235
Bombyx mori silk + CA Turn on–off, AIQ 0.5–4.0 0.38 Fe3+ 141
Expired milk Turn on–off, CIQ 500–1400 — Fe3+ 202
Fish scale (crucian carp) Turn on–off, CIQ, ET, SQE 1–78 0.54 cFe3+ 225
Fish scale (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Turn on–off, IIQ 0–6.25 0.144 cFe3+ 227
Bee pollen (water)/(ethanol) Turn on–off, CIQ, ET, DQE 50–100/20–100 27.0/15.0 Fe3+ 172
Cow milk Turn on–off, CIQ, ET 0.1–20, 20–100 0.6 cFe3+ 199
Pig skin Turn on–off, IFE, SQE, DQE 1–100 0.68 Co2+ 208
Hair Turn on–off, CIQ, SQE, DQE 0–75 0.01 cHg2+ 241
Pigeon egg white/yolk Turn on–off, CIQ, IFE, ET 0.05–1.2/0–1.6 0.0346/0.0349 Hg2+ 134
Urine + citron juice Turn on–off–on, ET, DQE 0–240, 1–10 0.15, 0.04 cHg2+, cCysteine 245
Spider silk Turn on–off, CIQ, SQE 0–0.08 0.0053 cHg2+ 142
Fish scale (grass carp) Turn on–off, CIQ, ET 0–30 0.014 cHg2+ 224
Pigeon manure Turn on–off, CIQ 12–120 18.5 cHg2+ 221
Carbonized hen feather + Zn salt Turn on–off, ET, AIQ, DQE 0–6a, 8–20a — Hg2+ 207
Carbonized hen feather + Mg salt Turn on–off, ET, AIQ, DQE, SQE 0–6a, 12–20a ′′ ′′
Sheep wool/pig hair Turn on–off, CIQ, ET 0.05–100/same 0.0168/0.0296 cCr6+ 237
Fingernail Turn on–off, IFE, SQE 0.0017–0.0675 0.0003 cCr6+ 248
Denatured milk Turn on–off, IFE 5–100 14.0 cCr6+ 203
Shrimp shell Turn on–off, IFE, ET 0–70 0.1 cCr6+ 183
Denatured sour milk Turn on–off, IFE, SQE 10–150 0.95 cAu3+ 204
Crab shell Turn on–off, IIQ 50–250 — Cd2+ 181
Cow milk Turn on–off, CIQ, SQE, DQE 0–50 17 Sn2+ 198
Urine-unmodified diet Turn on-off, CIQ 0–50, 0–30 2.7, 3.4 Hg2+, Cu2+ 244
Urine-asparagus rich diet ′′ ′′ 2.7, 2.9 ′′
Urine-vitamin C supplemented ′′ ′′ 1.8, 1.7 ′′
Pigeon feather Turn on–off, CIQ, IFE, ET 0–0.12, 0–1.6 0.0103, 0.0609 Hg2+, Fe3+ 134
Bovine/pork/sheep bones Turn on–off, CIQ, SQE — 0.04–4.0 cAg+, cCu2+, cHg2+, cPb2+, cFe3+ 215
Wool keratin Turn on–off, CIQ, IFE, SQE 2.5–50 0.01416 cCr6+ 238
Turn on–off, CIQ, DQE 0.25–125 0.113 Fe3+
 
Other analytes sensor
Fish scale (grass carp) Turn on–off, PET 0–1000 — ClO− 222
Lamb Turn on–off 0–100 — H2O2 152
′′ 10–300 2.9 cGlucose
Cow manure PL enhancement, coordination 105–106 — Glucose 220
Chicken cartilage Turn on–off, DQE 2–500, 500–1500 0.47 H2O2 217
Turn on–off 5–1000 1.22 cGlucose
Pork Turn on–off, CIQ, AIQ, SQE 0.1–100, 100–500 0.05 cUA 210
Milk powder + FeCl3 Turn on–off–on, IFE, IFE inhibition 20–500 5.13 cAA 196
Mussel seafood Turn on–off, FRET 1–50 0.00606 cRiboflavin 188
Prawn shell Turn on–off, Redox reaction, DQE 0–1000 1.0 cNO2− 175
Sheep wool Turn on–off–on, IFE, IFE inhibition 0.148–14.8 0.071 cGlyphosate 236
Pork rib bone Turn on–off–on, SQE, DQE, FRET 0.15–5.0 0.064 cDimethoate 212
Crayfish shell Turn on–off–on, oxidation, DQE, oxidation inhibition 10–300 2.30 cPCP 186
Egg white Turn on–off, IIQ, FRET 0.78–50 0.04 cCurcumin 131
Fish scale (grass carp) Turn on–off, CIQ, SQE 185–1295 54.0 cLH 223
Crab shell Turn on–off, IIQ, SQE 0.02–1.0 0.009 cCFX 180
Chicken drumstick Turn on–off, IFE 0.0009–0.014 0.00044 cCFX 214
Milk Turn on–off, IFE 2–200 0.6 cTCs 195
Carp roe Turn on–off, IFE, SQE 0.1–50 0.0417 cTCs 233
Pork liver Turn on–off, CIQ, IFE, SQE 1–200 0.75 c6-TG 213
GGEC Turn on–off, IFE, SQE 0.267–100 0.267 cMNZ 216
′′ 0.067–80 0.067 cTNZ
′′ 0.133–200 0.133 cONZ
′′ 0.067–200 0.067 cSNZ
Crayfish shell Turn on–off, CIQ, SQE 0.14–0.84 0.077 cTAP 185
Hair Turn on–off, IFE, SQE 0.613–306.6 0.205 cCLZ 243
Fingernail Turn on–off, IFE, SQE 0.0003–0.0434 0.0001 cSY 247
Egg white PL enhancement, PET 0.609–6.09 0.092 cRK 133
Hair PL enhancement, coordination 0.0001–0.05a 0.003a CHCl3 242
Crayfish shell Turn on–off, CIQ, SQE 0–50 0.16 c4-NP 187
Carbonized hen feather + Zn salt Turn on–off, IFE 0–20a — 4-NP 207
Carbonized hen feather + Mg salt ′′ ′′ — ′′
Chicken bone PL enhancement, interaction 0–10b 0.17b cLiby 218
a

aParts per million, bμg mL−1, and capplicability for real sample analysis.