In vitro and in vivo cell imaging results of the animal/human biomass-derived CDsa,b.
| Source | Mode | Time (h) | Cell/plant/organism (amount of CDs in mg mL−1) | Uptake region/emission color | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Egg white | In vitro | 0.5 | HeLac (0.04) | Cytosol/green | 129 |
| Egg white (albumin) | In vitro | 24 | Bcap-37c (2.0) | Cytoplasm/blue, green | 130 |
| Egg white | In vitro | 02a | E. coli d, S. aureusd (0.1) | Entire bacteria/blue, green, red | 131 |
| Egg white | In vivo | 24 | Zebrafishe (2.0) | Entire embryo/blue, green, red | 132 i |
| Bombyx mori silk | In vitro | 24 | A549c (1.0) | Nucleus/blue, green, red | 138 |
| Silkworm chrysalis | In vitro | 06 | HeLac (6.0) | Cell interior/blue, green, red | 140 |
| Spider silk | In vitro | 24 | HepG2c (0.5) | Cell interior/blue | 142 i |
| Silk fibroin | In vitro | 04 | KBc (0.1) | Cytoplasm, nucleus/green | 143 |
| In vivo | 18 | BALB/c Micee (50f) | Liver, lung/green | ||
| Silk fibroin + LMWC | In vitro | 24 | MCF-7c (0.1) | Cytoplasm (CDs)/blue; entire cell, nucleus (BT-CDs)/blue | 147 |
| Hamburger | In vitro | 24 | MC3T3-E1c (0.5) | Cytoplasm/blue, green, red | 149 |
| In vivo | 05b | Mung bean sproutg (3.2) | Root, stem, cotyledon, vascular system/blue | ||
| Pike eel fish | In vitro | 24 | MC3T3-E1c (1.5) | Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus/blue, green, red | 150 |
| Pike eel fish | In vitro | 24 | MC3T3-E1c (1.5) | Cytoplasm/blue, green, red | 151 |
| Lamb | In vitro | 07 | HepG2c (1.0) | Cell membrane, cytoplasm/blue, green, red | 153 |
| Duck | In vitro | 24 | PC12c (1.0) | Cytoplasm/blue | 156 |
| In vivo | 24 | C. elegans e (15.0) | Intestine/blue | ||
| Chicken | In vitro | 24 | HepG2c (1.0) | Cytoplasm/blue | 158 |
| Ex vivo | 02 | BALB/c Micee (2000f) | Brain/blue | ||
| Chicken breast | In vitro | 12 | NRK | Lysosome | 159 |
| Chicken | Ex vivo | 2–6 | BALB/c Micee (2000f) | Stomach, intestine, testis, kidney | 160 |
| Pork | In vivo | 0.5–6 | BALB/c Micee (2000f) | Kidney, heart, brain, lung, intestine, testis, liver, stomach | 164 |
| ′′ | 24 | C. elegans e (10.0) | Epithelium, digestive system/blue, green, red | ||
| Honey | In vitro | 01 | HEp-2c, HeLac (1.0) | Cell interior/green | 166 |
| Rapeseed bee pollen | In vitro | 12 | LoVoc (0.5) | Cytoplasm/blue, green, red | 167 |
| Bee pollen | In vivo | 20b | B. parachinensis L.g (3.5) | Periplasmic space/blue | 168 |
| Rapeseed bee pollen | In vitro | 02 | Lettuceg (1.0) | Leaf vein, stem, root/blue | 169 |
| Bee pollen | In vitro | 15a | HepG2c (0.1) | Cytoplasm/blue | 172 |
| Shrimp egg | In vitro | 24 | SK-Hep-1c (0.2) | Cell membrane, cytoplasm/blue, green, red | 173 |
| Dried shrimp | In vitro | 3/48 | MCF-7c, SH-SY5Yc (0.1) | Cytoplasm/blue, green, red | 177 |
| Crab shell + GdCl3 | In vitro | 24 | HeLac, HepG2c (0.5) | Cytoplasm/blue | 178 |
| Crab shell | In vitro | 24 | HeLac (0.5) | Cytoplasm/blue | 179 |
| Shrimp shell | In vivo | — | Nematodee (—) | Entire body/green | 184 |
| Crayfish shell | In vitro | 24 | HeLac (0.55) | Cytoplasm/red | 185 i |
| Mussel seafood | In vitro | 24 | HepG2c (1.5) | Cytoplasm/blue | 188 |
| In vitro | 10a | Onion epidermal cellg (1.5) | Cell wall/blue | ||
| In vivo | 48 | Zebrafishe (1.5) | Liver, yolk, intestine/blue | ||
| Milk | In vitro | 02 | U87c (0.01) | Cell interior/blue | 189 |
| Milk | In vitro | 01 | SMMC-7721c (50h) | Cell interior/blue, green | 190 |
| Milk | In vitro | — | HeLac (—) | Cell membrane, cytoplasm/blue, green, red | 193 |
| In vivo | — | Tumour bearing BALB/c Micee (0.5) | Tumour tissue | ||
| Milk | In vitro | 02 | HeLac (0.2) | Cytoplasm/green | 194 |
| Pasteurized milk | In vitro | 02 | HeLac (0.01) | Lysosome/blue (CDs); Cytoplasm/blue (Lis-CDs) | 201 |
| Expired milk | In vitro | 06 | HeLac (0.2) | Cytoplasm/green | 202 |
| Denatured sour milk | In vitro | 72 | U-251 MGc (0.05) | Cell membrane, cytoplasm/blue | 204 |
| Pigeon feather | In vitro | 01 | HUVECc (2.0) | Cell membrane, cytoplasm/blue | 134 i |
| Pig skin | In vitro | 0.5 | HeLac (0.35) | Cell interior/blue, green, red | 208 i |
| Pig skin | In vivo | 20 | Zebrafishe (0.2–1.6) | Entire embryo/blue, green, red | 209 i |
| Pig skin collagen | In vitro | 24 | RL-14c (0.5) | Cytoplasm/bright | 211 |
| GGEC | In vitro | 04 | Melanomac (1.0) | Cytoplasm/blue | 216 |
| Cow manure | In vitro | 0.5 | MCF-7c, HUVECc, MDA-MB-231c, Caco-2c, DU-145c (2.5) | Cytoplasm/green (unmodified CDs); Nucleolus/green (modified CDs) | 219 |
| Cow manure | In vitro | — | MCF-7c (—) | Mitochondria/green, red | 220 |
| In vivo | 2–48 | C57BL/6 Micee (0.16–0.32) | Entire body | ||
| Fish scale (crucian carp) | In vitro | 24 | KG-1ac (0.125) | Cell interior/blue | 225 i |
| Fish scale (Lethrinus lentjan) | In vitro | 06 | hMSCsc (0.025) | Cytoplasm, nucleus/blue, green, red | 226 |
| Shark cartilage (chondroitin sulphate) | In vivo | 24 | Zebrafishe (0.1) | Intestine/blue, green | 232 |
| Sheep wool | In vitro | 0.5 | HeLac (0.3) | Cytoplasm, nucleus/blue, green | 235 i |
| Hair | In vitro | 04 | HeLac (0.2) | Cell membrane, cytoplasm/blue | 239 |
| Hair | In vivo | 20 | Zebrafishe (0.2–0.8) | Entire embryo/blue, green, red | 209 i |
| Urine | In vitro | 10a | MEFc (0.2) | Cytoplasm/green, red | 244 |
| Urine | In vitro | 04 | HeLac (1.0) | Cytoplasm/blue, green | 246 |
| In vivo | 24 | C. elegans e (20) | Pharynx, intestine, anus/blue | ||
| In vitro | 06 | Onion epidermalg (3.0) | Cytoplasm/blue | ||
| In vivo | 24 | Bean sproutsg (20) | Tissue interior/blue | ||
| Fingernail | In vitro | 02 | A549c, MDA-MB-231c, HeLac (0.2) | Cytoplasm/blue | 247 |
| Fingernail | In vitro | 02 | A549c, HeLac, MDA-MB-231c, HEK-293c (0.2) | Perinuclear region/blue | 248 |
a
aMinutes, bdays, ccells, dbacteria, eorganism, fmg kg−1 of mouse, gplant, hμM, and iintracellular bioimaging of metal ions/other analytes.
b
Bcap-37: human breast cancer cells, S. aureus: Staphylococcus aureus, KB: epithelial carcinoma cells, MC3T3-E1: mouse osteoblast cells, PC12: rat pheochromocytoma cells, NRK: normal rat kidney epithelial cells, HEp-2: human larynx carcinoma cells, LoVo: human colon carcinoma cells, B. parachinensis: Brassica parachinensis, SK-Hep-1: human hepatoma cell lines, SH-SY5Y: human neuroblastoma cells, U87: human brain glioma tumor cells, SMMC-7721: human liver cancer cells, U-251 MG: human malignant glioblastoma cell lines, HUVEC: human umbilical vein endothelial cells, MDA-MB-231: human breast cancer cells, Caco-2: human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells, DU-145: human prostate cancer cells, KG-1a: promyeloblast macrophage cells, hMSCs: human mesenchymal stem cells, and MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast cells.