Table 5.
Diet and menstrual cycles of participants.
| Ovulatory status | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anovulatory | Luteal phase defect | Potentially fertile | High PRG | Total | |
| Serum progesterone (PRG) cut-offs, ng·mL−1 | <6.00 | 6.00–9.40 | 9.41–16.00 | >16.00 | |
| N | 3 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 15 |
| Reported dietary intake, 7-day average | |||||
| Energy (EI), kcal |
* | * | |||
| 1,756 ± 265 | 1,583 ± 202 | 2,096 ± 282 | 1,982 ± 174 | 1,834 ± 302 1,329–2,349 |
|
| Energy, kcal per kg body mass | * ’ | * | ’ | ||
| 36 ± 6 | 32 ± 3 | 42 ± 4 | 43 ± 3 | 38 ± 6; 28–46 | |
| EI:eRMR | ** | ** | |||
| 1.36 ± 0.21 | 1.23 ± 0.14 | 1.62 ± 0.16 | 1.54 ± 0.02 | 1.42 ± 0.22; 1.06–1.81 | |
| EI:eRMR < 1.35, n | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| Protein, g per kg body mass |
* ** | ** | * | ||
| 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) | 1.4 (1.4–1.7) | 1.3 (1.2–1.7) | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | |
| Carbohydrate, g per kg body mass | 5.4 ± 1.5 | 4.9 ± 1.0 | 6.4 ± 1.1 | 6.6 ± 1.1 | 5.7 ± 1.3; 4.0–7.7 |
| Carbohydrate, g per kg fat-free mass | 5.6 (5.3–8.5) | 5.4 (4.7–7.4) | 7.3 (5.9–9.1) | 7.8 (6.3–8.7) | 6.7 (4.7–9.1) |
| Energy from refined sugars,a
% kcal |
* ** | ’ | ** ’ | * | |
| 14.4 ± 4.2 | 10.7 ± 2.8 | 4.6 ± 1.3 | 6.8 ± 3.2 | 9.0 ± 4.5; 3.1–19.2 | |
| Fibre, grams |
* | ** | * ** | ||
| 12 (12–14) | 11 (10–15) | 25 (17–28) | 16 (9–17) | 14 (9–28) | |
| Diet quality index international “DQI-I,” points | 64 ± 5 | 62 ± 8 | 73 ± 7 | 69 ± 13 | 67 ± 9; 50–82 |
| Menstrual cycle | |||||
| Length, days | 29 ± 3 | 31 ± 2 | 31 ± 3 | 32 ± 5 | 31 ± 3 |
| 27–32 | 27–33 | 28–34 | 28–37 | 27–37 | |
| Luteal phase length by LH detection in urine (≥30 mIU·mL−1), days |
12 ± 2 | 13 ± 2 | |||
| 9–13 | 15 | 14 | 9–15 | ||
| n = 4b | n = 1 | n = 1 | n = 6 | ||
| High-BBT phase length by Sensiplan® rules, days (n = missed LH detection) |
11 ± 2 | 12 ± 2 | |||
| 15 | 10–13 | 11 | 10–15 | ||
| n = 1b | n = 3 | n = 2 | n = 6 | ||
| Serum progesterone, ng·mL−1 |
* ** | * “ | ** | ** “ | 10.34 ± 5.93 |
| 2.96 ± 2.58 | 8.64 ± 0.69 | 10.90 ± 1.38 | 19.83 ± 3.34 | ||
| 0.41–5.57 | 7.63–9.36 | 9.58–12.84 | 16.09–22.51 | ||
eRMR, estimated resting metabolic rate.
Significant differences between groups: * and ‘ p < 0.05 or ** and “ p < 0.01.
a
Reported dietary energy from added table sugar and refined sugars within commercial food, drinks, and candy.
b
High BBT phase length was indicated by the Quantitative Basal Temperature “QBT” method; PRG was quantified 10 days before the last day; Sensiplan® rules and QBT method indicated both a “luteal phase deficiency.”