Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants by living arrangements (n, %)
| Variables | Living alone | Living with spouse only | Living with child | Mixed habitation | Others | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (χ² = 56.097)*** | ||||||
| Male | 34 (5.55) | 237 (38.66) | 226 (36.87) | 93 (15.17) | 23 (3.75) | 613 (48.57) |
| Female | 70 (10.79) | 163 (25.11) | 209 (32.20) | 142 (21.88) | 65 (10.02) | 649 (51.43) |
| Age (years) (χ² = 192.258)*** | ||||||
| 60–64 | 15 (4.21) | 105 (29.50) | 164 (46.07) | 38 (10.67) | 34 (9.55) | 356 (28.21) |
| 65–69 | 18 (7.26) | 92 (37.09) | 102 (41.13) | 27 (10.89) | 9 (3.63) | 248 (19.65) |
| 70–74 | 16 (7.05) | 114 (50.22) | 37 (16.30) | 46 (20.26) | 14 (6.17) | 227 (17.99) |
| 75–79 | 22 (10.79) | 70 (34.31) | 50 (24.51) | 55 (26.96) | 7 (3.43) | 204 (16.16) |
| ≥ 80 | 33 (14.54) | 19 (8.37) | 82 (36.12) | 69 (30.40) | 24 (10.57) | 227 (17.99) |
| Marital status (χ² = 462.947)*** | ||||||
| Married | 3 (0.36) | 380 (45.08) | 332 (39.38) | 87 (10.32) | 41 (4.86) | 843 (66.80) |
| Others | 101 (24.11) | 20 (4.77) | 103 (24.58) | 148 (35.32) | 47 (11.22) | 419 (33.20) |
| Current residence (χ² = 140.477)*** | ||||||
| Village | 62 (12.97) | 113 (23.64) | 122 (25.52) | 125 (26.15) | 56 (11.72) | 478 (37.88) |
| Town | 28 (10.22) | 76 (27.74) | 97 (35.40) | 58 (21.17) | 15 (5.47) | 274 (21.71) |
| County | 14 (2.75) | 211 (41.37) | 216 (42.35) | 52 (10.20) | 17 (3.33) | 510 (40.41) |
| Educational level (χ² = 378.773)*** | ||||||
| Illiterate | 92 (13.65) | 123 (18.25) | 171 (25.37) | 206 (30.56) | 82 (12.17) | 674 (53.41) |
| Literacy class/ home school | 1 (0.52) | 70 (36.46) | 93 (48.44) | 24 (12.50) | 4 (2.08) | 192 (15.21) |
| Primary school | 0 (0.00) | 84 (43.75) | 101 (52.60) | 5 (2.61) | 2 (1.04) | 192 (15.21) |
| ≥ Junior high school | 11 (5.39) | 123 (60.30) | 70 (34.31) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 204 (16.17) |
| Average annual household income (CNY) (χ² = 274.313)*** | ||||||
| 15,000 and lower | 53 (20.39) | 60 (23.08) | 42 (16.15) | 78 (30.00) | 27 (10.38) | 260 (20.60) |
| 15,001–30,000 | 51 (14.61) | 83 (23.78) | 99 (28.37) | 89(25.50) | 27 (7.74) | 349 (27.66) |
| 30,001–45,000 | 0 (0.00) | 112 (33.04) | 159 (46.90) | 46 (13.57) | 22 (6.49) | 339 (26.86) |
| 45,001–60,000 | 0 (0.00) | 88 (41.12) | 98 (45.79) | 19 (8.88) | 9 (4.21) | 214 (16.96) |
| 60,001 and higher | 0 (0.00) | 57 (57.00) | 37 (37.00) | 3 (3.00) | 3 (3.00) | 100 (7.92) |
| Self-rate health status (χ² = 165.076)*** | ||||||
| Very good/ good | 12 (3.21) | 143 (38.24) | 157 (41.98) | 37 (9.89) | 25 (6.68) | 374 (29.64) |
| General | 43 (6.05) | 222 (31.22) | 249 (35.02) | 143 (20.11) | 54 (7.60) | 711 (56.34) |
| Very poor | 49 (27.68) | 35 (19.78) | 29 (16.39) | 55 (31.07) | 9 (5.08) | 177 (14.02) |
| Medical insurance (χ² = 172.613)*** | ||||||
| URRBMI | 96 (9.65) | 251 (25.23) | 334 (33.57) | 230 (23.11) | 84 (8.44) | 995 (78.84) |
| UEBMI | 2 (1.21) | 75 (45.46) | 81 (49.09) | 5 (3.03) | 2 (1.21) | 165 (13.08) |
| Uninsured/ Unknown | 6 (5.88) | 74 (72.55) | 20 (19.61) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (1.96) | 102 (8.08) |
| Total | 104 (8.24) | 400 (31.70) | 435 (34.47) | 235 (18.62) | 88 (6.97) | 1262 (100.00) |
Notes: * = P < 0.05, ** = P < 0.01, *** = P < 0.001. CNY = China Yuan, URRBMI = Urban and rural residents’ basic medical insurance, UEBMI = Urban employees basic medical insurance