Table 2.
The associations of the quartile of serum carotenoids, relative to Quartile 1 with VAI
| Categories | Range | Model1 | Model2 | Model3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95%CI) | β (95%CI) | β (95%CI) | ||
| α-carotene (ug/dL) | ||||
| Continuous | −0.29 (− 0.36, − 0.21) | −0.31 (− 0.39, − 0.23) | −0.25 (− 0.33, − 0.16) | |
| Q1 | < 1.40 | ref | ref | ref |
| Q2 | 1.40–2.70 | −0.47 (− 0.82, − 0.12) | −0.52 (− 0.88, − 0.16) | −0.49 (− 0.83, − 0.14) |
| Q3 | 2.70–5.00 | −0.64 (− 0.95, − 0.33) | −0.73 (− 1.05, − 0.40) | −0.70 (− 1.04, − 0.36) |
| Q4 | ≥ 5.00 | −0.93 (− 1.24, − 0.63) | −1.05 (− 1.38, − 0.72) | −0.98 (− 1.34, − 0.62) |
| P for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
| β-carotene (ug/dL) | ||||
| Continuous | −0.35 (− 0.47, − 0.24) | −0.41 (− 0.54, − 0.27) | −0.32 (− 0.44, − 0.20) | |
| Q1 | < 7.50 | ref | ref | ref |
| Q2 | 7.50–12.89 | −0.59 (− 0.93, − 0.26) | −0.65 (− 0.99, − 0.30) | −0.62 (− 0.97, − 0.26) |
| Q3 | 12.89–23.30 | −0.73 (− 1.01, − 0.46) | −0.86 (− 1.15, − 0.57) | −0.85 (− 1.17, − 0.54) |
| Q4 | > 23.30 | −1.28 (− 1.60, − 0.96) | −1.52 (− 1.87, − 1.17) | −1.39 (− 1.77, − 1.00) |
| P for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
| β-cryptoxanthin (ug/dL) | ||||
| Continuous | −0.26 (− 0.38, − 0.14) | −0.27 (− 0.39, − 0.14) | −0.28 (− 0.42, − 0.14) | |
| Q1 | < 4.80 | ref | ref | ref |
| Q2 | 4.80–7.70 | −0.42 (− 0.77, − 0.08) | −0.41 (− 0.75, − 0.07) | −0.42 (− 0.76, − 0.09) |
| Q3 | 7.70–12.70 | −0.60 (− 0.89, − 0.32) | −0.60 (− 0.88, − 0.32) | −0.57 (− 0.90, − 0.24) |
| Q4 | > 12.70 | −0.76 (− 1.08, − 0.43) | −0.78 (− 1.10, − 0.45) | −0.79 (− 1.18, − 0.41) |
| P for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
| Lutein/zeaxanthin (ug/dL) | ||||
| Continuous | −0.18 (− 0.28, − 0.08) | −0.23 (− 0.32, − 0.13) | −0.28 (− 0.39, − 0.16) | |
| Q1 | < 10.46 | ref | ref | ref |
| Q2 | 10.46–14.50 | −0.09 (− 0.41, 0.22) | −0.12 (− 0.43, 0.19) | −0.19 (− 0.46, 0.09) |
| Q3 | 14.50–20.10 | −0.42 (− 0.62, − 0.21) | −0.47 (− 0.68, − 0.27) | −0.54 (− 0.79, − 0.29) |
| Q4 | ≥ 20.10 | −0.40 (− 0.64, − 0.16) | −0.51 (− 0.75, − 0.27) | −0.68 (− 0.96, − 0.39) |
| P for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
| Trans-lycopene (ug/dL) | ||||
| Continuous | −0.12 (− 0.24, 0.00) | −0.08 (− 0.21, 0.04) | −0.33 (− 0.53, − 0.12) | |
| Q1 | < 14.00 | ref | ref | ref |
| Q2 | 14.00–20.11 | −0.48 (− 0.85, − 0.09) | −0.39 (− 0.78, 0.00) | −0.38 (− 0.81, 0.04) |
| Q3 | 20.11–28.23 | −0.39 (− 0.79, 0.00) | −0.28 (− 0.70, 0.14) | −0.46 (− 0.96, 0.04) |
| Q4 | ≥ 28.23 | −0.48 (− 0.87, − 0.10) | −0.38 (− 0.78, 0.02) | −0.88 (− 1.50, − 0.27) |
| P for trend | 0.023 | 0.104 | 0.005 |
Model 1: no cofounder; Model 2: adjusted for age, sex; Model 3: further adjusted for race, education level, marital status, alcohol intake, smoking status, leisure-time physical activity, BMI, the family of poverty ratio, TC, hypertension, diabetes, and CVD.