Table 5.

Threshold effect analysis of serum carotenoids on LAP using piece-wise linear regression

LAP		Adjusted β (95% CI) P value
α-carotene
Inflection point (K)		−0.51
<K slope		−15.17 (− 24.33, − 6.02) 0.0012
>K slope		−4.94 (− 6.30, − 3.58) < 0.0001
Log likelihood ratio test		0.038
β-carotene
Inflection point (K)		2.93
<K slope		−13.56 (− 17.46, − 9.67) < 0.0001
>K slope		−6.52 (− 8.31, − 4.74) < 0.0001
Log likelihood ratio test		0.004
β-cryptoxanthin
One line slop		−4.95 (− 6.57, − 3.34) < 0.0001
Log likelihood ratio test		0.253
Lutein/zeaxanthin
One line slop		−4.03 (− 6.38, − 1.69) 0.0008
Log likelihood ratio test		0.367
Trans-lycopene
Inflection point (K)		4.29
<K slope		−2.66 (− 5.45, 0.13) 0.0613
>K slope		−12.00 (− 16.38, − 7.63) < 0.0001
Log likelihood ratio test		0.002

Adjusted for age, sex, race, education level, marital status, alcohol intake, smoking status, leisure-time physical activity, BMI, the family of poverty ratio, TC, hypertension, diabetes, and CVD.