Table 2.
Studies measuring EVs in pulmonary hypertensionpatients
| Disease (number of patients/controls) | Method | Main findings | References |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Patients undergoing right heart catheterization for precapillary PH without any endothelium-active vasodilator therapy (n = 24) Healthy controls (n = 20) |
FCM |
Levels of circulating CD31+/CD41−, CD144+, CD62e+ EEVs and CD45+ EVs, but not CD41+ and annexin+, were increased in PH patients compared with healthy controls CD31+/CD41− and CD144+ EEVs levels predicted hemodynamic severity of PH CD62e+ EEVs were associated with inflammation |
[91] |
|
IPAH patients (n = 20) PAH patients with CTD(n = 5) PAH patients with HIV infection (n = 2) PAH patients with portal hypertension (n = 2) Healthy controls (n = 23) |
Solid-phase capture assay |
TF+ and CD105+EVs were increased in PAH patients compared with control CD105+EVs were increased in pulmonary arterial blood compared with venous blood TF+EVs were at a higher level in patients in functional class III and IV and who were walking fewer than 380 m with the six-minute-walk test |
[88] |
| Patients undergoing right heart catheterization for untreated pre-capillary PH (n = 21) | FCM | Elevated circulating CD62e+ EVs levels in patients with PH before treatment are associated with adverse clinical events | [87] |
|
PHpatients with OSA (n = 7) PH patients without OSA (n = 18) |
FCM | There were no statistical significant differences regarding EEVs or other EV group levels, including the apoptotic AnnexinV+ EVs, between PH patients with and without OSA | [124] |
|
CHD with reversible PAH (n = 16) CHD with irreversible PAH (n = 10) |
FCM | There was no significant difference in the levels of (CD31+/CD41−) EEVs between CHD with reversible and irreversible PAH | [125] |
|
Chromic postembolic PH (n = 19) IPAH (n = 5) Rheumatic disease associated PH (n = 4) Pulmonary diseases related PH (n = 2) Healthy controls (n = 16) |
FCM | PH patients have increased levels of platelet-( CD31+/61+), leukocyte- (CD11b+) and endothelial (CD62e+) EVs | [90] |
|
patients with advanced IPAH(n = 10) Healthy controls (n = 10) |
FCM | circulating (CD39+CD31+CD42b+) PEVs and (CD39+CD31+CD42b−) EEVs subpopulations in IPAH patients show increased CD39 expression | [126] |
|
hPAH patients (n = 18) IPAH patients (n = 19) aPAH patients (n = 17) Healthy controls (n = 21) |
FCM | EEVs and small PEVs levels in IPAH, hPAH and aPAH were similar and significantly increasedcompared with controls | [127] |
|
PAH patients (n = 22) Healthy controls (n = 20) |
FCM |
EEVs in urine were increased in PAH compared tohealthy controls EEVs were directlyassociated with TAPSE in PAH patients |
[128] |
|
CTEPH patients (n = 6) PE patients (n = 6) Healthy controls (n = 4) |
FCM |
CD105+EVs were higher in CTEPH patients than in PE patients and healthy controls CD105+ EVs exerts a protective mechanism that supports survival of ECs and angiogenesis |
[89] |
|
SSc patients(n = 10) SSc associated PAH (n = 10) Healthy controls (n = 10) |
FCM | CD144+ EEVs were significantly higher in the SSc-PAH group compared to the SSc patients or healthy controls | [129] |
|
PAH patients (n = 70) Healthy controls (n = 20) |
FCM | CD62P+, CD144+, and CD235a EVs were higher in PAH blood compared to healthy controls | [86] |
|
IPAH patients (n = 24) aPAH patients(n = 8) Porto-pulmonary hypertension associated PAH (n = 6)CHD associated PAH (n = 3) pulmonary veno-occlusive disease/pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (n = 3) CTEPH (n = 29) |
ELISA | Increased PEVs (CD42a, CD42b) have been shown in IPAH patients, which were higher in male patients | [130] |
|
PAH patients (n = 144) Healthy controls (n = 47) |
FCM | PAH patients showed a significantly higher numbers of CD31+/CD42b−EEVs compared with healthy controls | [131] |
CTEPH patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, PE: Pulmonary embolism, IPAH idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, hPAH hereditary PAH associated with BMPR2 (Bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type II) mutation, aPAH PAH associated with CTD (connective tissue diseases), FCM Flow cytometry, TAPSE Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, OSA obstructive sleep apnea, CHD congenital heart disease