Figure 3. Emodin reduced the concentration of inflammatory substances in-vitro culture system with LPS. Expression levels of inflammation-related genes (TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-1β, IL-8 and IL-6) in hBSMCs was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data are represented as the mean ± standard deviation.

Source: Elaborated by the authors. TNF: tumor necrosis factor; MCP: monocyte chemoattractant protein; IL: interleukin; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; hBSMC: human bladder smooth muscle cells; compared with control, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01; compared with IC group, # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01, ### P < 0.001 represent significant differences between the indicated columns.