Table 2.
Association of individual characteristics and contextual factors with combinations of societal age stereotypes and subjective views on old age.
| Categories a | Negative societal views on old age–Negative subjective views on old age | Negative societal views on old age–Positive/neutral subjective views on old age | Positive/neutral societal views on old age–Negative subjective views on old age | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 b | Model 2 c | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| Variables | RR d (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| Female | 1.62 (1.20–2.19) | 1.89 (1.36–2.63) | 1.83 (1.50–2.24) | 2.08 (1.66–2.60) | 1.02 (0.65–1.59) | 0.97 (0.61–1.55) |
| Age in ten-year groups | ||||||
| 16–25 | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| 26–35 | 1.61 (0.83–3.14) | 0.92 (0.45–1.88) | 1.28 (0.83–1.99) | 0.85 (0.53–1.36) | 0.84 (0.42–1.68) | 0.79 (0.38–1.67) |
| 36–45 | 1.46 (0.75–2.84) | 0.73 (0.35–1.50) | 1.25 (0.82–1.92) | 0.78 (0.49–1.25) | 0.63 (0.31–1.30) | 0.54 (0.25–1.18) |
| 46–55 | 1.57 (0.82–3.01) | 0.76 (0.37–1.53) | 1.63 (1.08–2.46) | 1.06 (0.67–1.65) | 0.48 (0.22–1.03) | 0.37 (0.16–0.84) |
| 56–65 | 2.87 (1.58–5.21) | 1.49 (0.78–2.86) | 2.09 (1.41–3.10) | 1.38 (0.90–2.13) | 0.40 (0.18–0.87) | 0.30 (0.13–0.70) |
| 66–75 | 1.98 (1.05–3.74) | 1.31 (0.66–2.60) | 2.61 (1.76–3.88) | 1.97 (1.28–3.04) | 0.18 (0.06–0.54) | 0.15 (0.05–0.47) |
| 76–85 | 1.79 (0.85–3.78) | 1.32 (0.59–2.92) | 2.84 (1.81–4.45) | 2.26 (1.39–3.68) | 0.36 (0.12–1.09) | 0.32 (0.10–1.02) |
| 86 + | 1.13 (0.42–3.07) | 0.98 (0.34–2.81) | 0.83 (0.42–1.64) | 0.82 (0.40–1.70) | 0.60 (0.20–1.86) | 0.45 (0.14–1.47) |
| Living arrangements | ||||||
| Living with a partner | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| Not living with a partner | 1.25 (0.93–1.69) | 1.20 (0.86–1.68) | 1.04 (0.85–1.26) | 1.09 (0.87–1.36) | 2.10 (1.30–3.39) | 1.61 (0.97–2.68) |
| Education | ||||||
| Basic education | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| Secondary education | 1.41 (0.93–2.16) | 1.59 (1.00–2.51) | 1.22 (0.94–1.59) | 1.28 (0.96–1.71) | 0.81 (0.48–1.38) | 0.96 (0.54–1.68) |
| Tertiary education | 2.04 (1.28–3.23) | 2.98 (1.77–5.00) | 1.65 (1.23–2.21) | 1.99 (1.42–2.80) | 0.76 (0.39–1.47) | 1.02 (0.49–2.10) |
| Income level | ||||||
| Sufficient | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| Insufficient/ reluctance to answer | 1.65 (1.22–2.23) | 0.91 (0.62–1.33) | 1.26 (1.04–1.53) | 1.02 (0.79–1.31) | 1.17 (0.75–1.82) | 0.68 (0.40–1.16) |
| Quality of life | ||||||
| Very good | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| Good | 2.83 (1.20–6.67) | 3.16 (1.31–7.65) | 1.56 (1.07–2.27) | 1.52 (1.01–2.30) | 1.86 (0.65–5.37) | 2.09 (0.72–6.10) |
| Neither good nor bad | 4.61 (1.95–10.88) | 4.73 (1.90–11.77) | 1.98 (1.35–2.91) | 1.69 (1.09–2.64) | 2.69 (0.92–7.82) | 3.74 (1.23–11.43) |
| Bad | 13.58 (5.55–33.26) | 14.74 (5.59–38.85) | 2.96 (1.85–4.74) | 2.79 (1.63–4.79) | 6.52 (2.10–20.26) | 9.92 (2.97–33.12) |
| Very bad | 19.83 (6.15–63.96) | 21.14 (5.93–75.38) | 3.69 (1.57–8.64) | 3.22 (1.25–8.28) | 10.82 (2.37–49.33) | 16.26 (3.25–81.31) |
| Institutions involved in old age discrimination (ref.: not discriminating) | ||||||
| Politicians | 3.66 (2.66–5.04) | 1.56 (1.02–2.38) | 4.05 (3.24–5.08) | 2.32 (1.73–3.12) | 1.01 (0.56–1.84) | 1.12 (0.52–2.41) |
| Media | 2.80 (1.84–4.28) | 0.81 (0.48–1.37) | 3.54 (2.62–4.79) | 1.29 (0.89–1.86) | 0.64 (0.23–1.80) | 0.58 (0.18–1.80) |
| Health care services | 3.64 (2.62–5.06) | 1.52 (0.96–2.40) | 3.10 (2.45–3.94) | 1.39 (1.00–1.93) | 0.81 (0.41–1.61) | 0.86 (0.36–2.05) |
| Social services | 3.57 (2.59–4.92) | 1.58 (1.01–2.47) | 3.00 (2.39–3.78) | 1.37 (1.00–1.87) | 1.12 (0.62–2.00) | 1.36 (0.62–2.98) |
| The Social Insurance Institution of Finland | 3.32 (2.35–4.69) | 0.99 (0.61–1.60) | 2.49 (1.93–3.22) | 0.88 (0.62–1.25) | 0.86 (0.42–1.77) | 0.67 (0.27–1.66) |
| Private companies | 5.03 (3.12–8.12) | 2.35 (1.31–4.23) | 2.77 (1.85–4.16) | 1.22 (0.75–1.99) | 1.23 (0.43–3.52) | 1.11 (0.34–3.62) |
| Transport | 3.72 (2.38–5.82) | 0.94 (0.53–1.64) | 2.99 (2.12–4.24) | 1.03 (0.67–1.57) | 0.88 (0.31–2.49) | 0.77 (0.24–2.49) |
| Employers | 4.95 (3.55–6.91) | 2.60 (1.73–3.92) | 3.57 (2.79–4.58) | 1.84 (1.36–2.49) | 1.45 (0.79–2.65) | 1.69 (0.82–3.51) |
Values showing the significance level of p < 0.05 are bolded.
a
Those who have positive/neutral attitudes towards both societal views on old age and subjective views on old age as reference category (n = 1,024, 51.7%). Distribution of other categories: negative societal views on old age–negative subjective views on old age (n = 212, 10.7%), negative societal views on old age–positive/neutral subjective views on old age (n = 661, 33.4%), positive/neutral societal views on old age–negative subjective views on old age (N = 84, 4.2%).
b
All variables included into the model separately.
c
All variables included into the model simultaneously.
d
Ratio of probability of outcome in respective categories vs reference category.