Table 3. Analysis of potential maternal factors associated with the nutritional composition of human milk, 2018–2020.
| n | Lipids | p-value | Carbohydrates | p-value | Proteins | p-value | Calories | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median (percentiles 25–75) | Median (percentiles 25–75) | Median (percentiles 25–75) | Median (percentiles 25–75) | |||||||
| Alcohol during pregnancy | No | 155 | 2.4 (1.6–3.4) | 0.862 | 7.7 (7.1–7.9) | 0.842 | 0.8 (0.8–1.0) | 0.730 | 57.0 (50.0–66.0) | 0.762 |
| Yes | 26 | 2.7 (1.3–3.6) | 7.8 (7.2–7.8) | 0.8 (0.8–1.0) | 58.5 (48.0–69.0) | |||||
| Alcohol during breastfeeding | No | 160 | 2.5 (1.6–3.5) | 0.969 | 7.7 (7.1–7.9) | 0.533 | 0.8 (0.8–1.0) | 0.379 | 57.0 (50.0–66.5) | 0.950 |
| Yes | 21 | 2.6 (1.3–3.4) | 7.8 (7.3–7.9) | 0.8 (0.8–0.9) | 59.0 (49.0–67.0) | |||||
| Smoking during pregnancy | No | 177 | 2.5 (1.6–3.4) | 0.284 | 7.7 (7.2–7.9) | 0.739 | 0.8 (0.8–1.0) | 0.563 | 57.0 (50.0–67.0) | 0.453 |
| Yes | 4 | 3.4 (2.4–5.4) | 7.2 (6.4–8.8) | 0.9 (0.8–2.6) | 61.0 (54.5–96.0) | |||||
| Smoking during breastfeeding | No | 180 | 2.5 (1.6–3.4) | – | 7.7 (7.2–7.9) | – | 0.8 (0.8–1.0) | – | 57.0 (49.5–66.5) | – |
| Yes | 1 | 7.4 | 9.7 | 4.1 | 130.0 | |||||
| Pre-gestational hypertension | No | 178 | 2.5 (1.6–3.5) | 0.998 | 7.7 (7.2–7.9) | 0.475 | 0.8 (0.8–1.0) | 0.722 | 57.0 (49.0–67.0) | 0.907 |
| Yes | 3 | 2.5 (2.2–2.8) | 7.9 (7.0–8.1) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 59.0 (52.0–64.0) | |||||
| Hypertension during pregnancy | No | 168 | 2.5 (1.6–3.5) | 0.663 | 7.7 (7.2–7.9) | 0.648 | 0.8 (0.8–1.0) | 0.981 | 57.0 (50.0–67.0) | 0.703 |
| Yes | 13 | 2.5 (1.7–3.0) | 7.6 (7.2–8.0) | 0.8 (0.8–1.0) | 59.0 (49.0–65.0) | |||||
| Pre-gestational diabetes mellitus | No | 181 | 2.5 (1.6–3.4) | – | 7.7 (7.2–7.9) | – | 0.8 (0.8–1.0) | – | 57.0 (50.0–67.0) | – |
| Yes | 0 | – | – | – | – | |||||
| Diabetes mellitus during pregnancy | No | 175 | 2.5 (1.6–3.5) | 0.622 | 7.7 (7.1–7.9) | 0.805 | 0.8 (0.8–1.0) | 0.779 | 57.0 (49.0–67.0) | 0.692 |
| Yes | 6 | 3.1 (1.7–3.3) | 7.7 (7.2–7.9) | 0.9 (0.8–0.9) | 62.0 (51.0–66.0) | |||||
| Gestational age (weeks) | ≥37 | 172 | 2.5 (1.6–3.5) | 0.371 | 7.7 (7.2–7.9) | 0.593 | 0.8 (0.8–1.0) | 0.398 | 57.0 (49.5–67.0) | 0.396 |
| 34–36.9 | 8 | 2.9 (1.9–3.7) | 7.6 (7.2–7.7) | 1.0 (0.7–1.0) | 60.5 (53.5–65.5) | |||||
| <34 | 1 | 1.1 | 7.4 | 0.7 | 44.0 | |||||
| Sex of the newborn | Female | 98 | 2.5 (1.6–3.4) | 0.606 | 7.7 (7.1–7.9) | 0.858 | 0.8 (0.8–1.0) | 0.996 | 56.5 (49.0–67.0) | 0.521 |
| Male | 83 | 2.5 (1.6–3.7) | 7.7 (7.2–7.9) | 0.8 (0.8–0.9) | 58.0 (51.0–68.0) |