|
Social Capital
|
Lack of resources |
This can be social resources, on the individual level or the ethnic group level. |
S20, S28, S34, S46, S52, S64 |
| Lack of network |
Lack of local network, social support and local business connections in host country hinders progress of entrepreneurial endeavor. This can also include lack of trust and inability to attract talent. |
S1, S4, S5, S7, S23, S27, S29, S33, S34, S44, S48, S50, S63, S73, S76, S85, S87, S90 |
| Ethnic enclaves |
Ethnic enclaves can make for slower integration/learning about host country language and culture. |
S6, S62 |
| Legal Status: Political and institutional issues relating to status in the host country |
Issues such as residency status, citizenship status, legal status in the host country, which can restrict ability as entrepreneur. This includes refugee status/asylum status and lack of support for those with such status and issues with becoming documented in the host country. |
S1, S2, S4, S7, S8, S10, S19, S28, S32, S48, S58 |
| Lack of cultural and social understanding |
Cultural and social differences can create challenges for migrants. This can include a lack of business knowledge in the host country and difficulties integrating into the host country, which can be exacerbated by the ethnic enclave. |
S7, S13, S16, S17, S23, S25, S30, S34, S35, S45, S46, S48, S52, S57, S60 S62, S64, S58, S73, S75, S78, S81 |
| Discrimination of outsiders |
Local populations may have unconscious bias, discrimination, fear, or racism towards migrants. It can be difficult for immigrants to build trust with the community. Policies can exclude migrants. |
S7, S10, S13, S23, S25, S26, S34, S35, S43, S49, S56, S58, S64, S72, S75, S84, S86, S91 |
| Perpetuating Stereotypes |
The very construction of ‘migrant entrepreneurship’ creates an otherness and the comparison to the local/native entrepreneur, which can perpetuate stereotypes. Immigrants can be lumped together in one group despite their uniqueness and individual differences. It can also create an in-group/out-group scenario. |
S7, S54, S78 |
| Lack of information |
Info gap means missing out on aspects that are relevant to starting and running the business as well as tender offers. This may be due to lack of local network to find out the information needed. |
S10, S34, S76, S80, S90 |
|
Financial Capital
|
Lack of resources |
This can be financial resources (with implications on difficulty to afford housing as well) on the individual level or the ethnic group level. |
S20, S24, S28, S34, S46, S52, S64 |
| Unemployment |
Migrants face higher unemployment rates than the native population. They also are more prone to blocked mobility. |
S26, S39, S42 S71, S75, S82, S84, S85, S91 |
|
Human Capital
|
Lack of resources |
This can be human capital resources, on the individual level or the ethnic group level. |
S20, S28, S34, S46, S52, S64 |
| Lack of language proficiency in the host country language |
Limited ability in the host country language impacts migrants’ abilities to communicate and understand. It can also mean they need to compete on price. It can also be difficult for migrant entrepreneurs to have access to language classes that suit their schedules. |
S3, S7, S9, S10, S23, S24, S25, S26, S27, S34, S36, S42, S43, S48, S55, S58, S72, S78, S81, S85, S88 |
| Lack of understanding of local business laws, regulations, and taxes |
Bureaucracy can be complex and especially difficult for migrants to understand. This can include lack of institutional knowledge or support. |
S1, S3, S12, S13. S16, S17, S20, S27, S28, S34, S36, S48, S55, S59, S66, S68, S82, S83, S85 |
| Lack of credentials |
Migrants lack qualifications and credentials or recognition of them, that can allow them to become entrepreneurs |
S3, S9, S23, S26, S37, S43, S49 |
|
External Factors
|
Integration programs |
Integration programs that encourage migrants to find a job instead being allowed to become an entrepreneur under refugee status |
S4, S24, S25 |
