. 2023 Nov 28;11:e16340. doi: 10.7717/peerj.16340

Table 1. Heterologous pathways for xylose fermentation in S. cerevisiae: the main genes used for the oxidoreductive (XR/XDH) and xylose isomerase (XI) pathways.

Pathway	Gene	Source Microorganism	Codon otimization	Xylose consumed/ Ethanol produced	Yield in g of ethanol per g of substrate	Ethanol yield	Reference
XR/XDH	XYL1/XYL2	Scheffersomyces stipitis	Y	14 g/L/0.73 g/L	0.052	10%	(Kötter et al., 1990)
	XYL1/XYL2	Scheffersomyces stipitis	N	34 g/L/NP	–	–	(Walfridsson et al., 1995)
	XYL1/XYL2	Scheffersomyces stipitis	Y	50 g/L/∼22.5 g/L	0.45	88%	(Ho, Chen & Brainard, 1998)
	XYL1.2	Spathaspora passalidarum	N	50 g/L/20 g/L	0.4	78%	(Cadete et al., 2016)
XI	XYLA	Thermus thermophilus	Y	10.4 g/L/1.3 g/L	0.125	24.4%	(Walfridsson et al., 1996)
	XYLA	Clostridium phytofermentans	Y	∼18 g/L /∼7.74 g/L	0.43	84%	(Brat, Boles & Wiedemann, 2009)
	XYLA	Bacteroides stercoris	N	15.7 g/L/4.9 g/L	0.312	66%	(Ha et al., 2011)
	XYLA	Prevotella ruminicola	Y	32.1 g/L/13.6 g/L	0.41	82.9%	(Hector et al., 2013)
	XYLA	Piromyces sp. E2	N	20 g/L/8.68	0.43	84.5%	(Kuyper et al., 2003; Kuyper et al., 2004; Kuyper et al., 2005)
	XYLA	Piromyces sp. E2	Y	40 g/L/16.8 g/L	0.41	81%	(Zhou et al., 2012)
	XYLA	Orpinomyces sp.	N	15.55 g/L/6.05 g/L	0.39	78%	(Madhavan et al., 2009)
	XYLA	xym1 and xym2 (soil metagenomic library)	N	NM	NM	NM	(Parachin & Gorwa-Grauslund, 2011)
	XYLA (K11T/D220V)	Bovine rumen	N	∼18 g/L/∼7.5 g/L	0.06	80%	(Hou et al., 2016)
	XYLA	Reticulitermes speratus	Y	51 g/L/20 g/L	0.39	77%	(Katahira et al., 2017)
	XYLA	Odontotaenius disjunctus	Y	NM	NM	NM	(Silva et al., 2021)

Notes.