|
GRE3
|
Thermus thermophilus XYLA/XKS1
|
Xylitol formation decreased two-fold, and which produced ethanol from xylose with a yield of 0.28 mmol |
(Träff et al., 2001) |
|
Thermus thermophilus mutated XYLA / XKS1
|
Deletion of GRE3 was crucial for ethanol production as reduction of xylitol formation was observed |
(Lönn et al., 2003) |
|
NFG1 / MNI1 / RPA49
|
Scheffersomyces stipitis XYL1 and XYL2 / XKS1
|
Improved growth rates on xylose in aerobiosis compared to the reference strain: 173% (nfg1Δ), 62% (mni1Δ) and 90% (rpa49Δ) faster |
(Bengtsson et al., 2008) |
|
NFG1
|
XYL1 / XYL2 / XKS1
|
Improvement of xylose consumption at low concentrations and in co-fermentation of glucose and xylose; deletion of NFG1 improved aerobic growth on xylose |
(Parachin et al., 2010) |
|
BUD21 / ALP1 / ISC1 / RPL20B
|
XYLA / XKS1
|
Individual deletion of the 4 genes improved xylose assimilation in 27.6% (bud21Δ), 15.5% (alp1Δ), 22.4% (isc1Δ) and 12.1% (rpl20bΔ); production of ethanol in bud21Δ cells even without the presence XYLA
|
(Usher et al., 2011) |
|
PMR1
|
Piromyces sp. XYLA / XKS1 / RKI1 / RPE1 / TKL1 / TKL2 / TAL1 / NQM1 / gre3Δ |
Deletion of PMR1 allowed anaerobic growth on xylose |
(Verhoeven et al., 2017) |
|
PMR1 / ASC1
|
Piromyces mutated XYLA3* / TAL1 / XKS1 / gre3Δ / pho13Δ |
Mutated PMR1 and ASC1 consumed 114.8% and 59.6% more xylose in relation to the control, respectively |
(Tran Nguyen Hoang et al., 2018) |
|
GRE3 / HOG1 / IRA2 / ISU1
|
Clostridium phytofermentans XYLA / TAL1 / S. stipitis XYL3
|
The mutation in IRA2 only affects anaerobic xylose consumption; loss of ISU1 function is indispensable for anaerobic xylose fermentation; Faster conversion of xylose obtained by deleting the gre3Δ, hog1Δ, ira2Δ and isu1Δ genes simultaneously |
(Sato et al., 2016) |
|
ISU1 / SSK2
|
Orpinomyces sp. XYLA / XKS1 / RKI1 / RPE1 / TKL1 / TKL2 / TAL1 / gre3Δ |
ISU1 or SSK2 null strains showed improvement in xylose metabolism in unevolved yeast cells |
(dos Santos et al., 2016)
|
|
PHO13
|
Scheffersomyces stipitis XYL1 and XYL2
|
Improvement in xylose assimilation |
(Ni, Laplaza & Jeffries, 2007) |
|
Scheffersomyces stipitis XYL1, XYL2 and XYL3
|
Upregulation of the enzymes from PPP and NADPH-producing enzymes; improved xylose metabolism |
(Kim et al., 2015) |
|
Scheffersomyces stipitis XYL1, XYL2 and XYL3
|
Transcriptional activation of genes from PPP; 98% reduction of sedoheptulose by upregulation of tal1 in mutant strains (pho13Δ) |
(Xu et al., 2016) |
|
PHO13 / ALD6
|
Scheffersomyces stipitis XYL1 and XYL2
|
pho13Δ strains presented a shorter lag time using xylose as carbon source and showed an improved xylose fermentation / ald6Δ strains showed improvement in the efficiency of xylose fermentation and prevention of acetate accumulation |
(Kim et al., 2013) |
|
GCR2
|
Scheffersomyces stipitis XYL1, XYL2 and XYL3
|
gcr2Δ cells with better xylose utilization and ethanol production. |
(Shin et al., 2021) |
|
THI2
|
Ru-XYLA (where Ru represents the rumen bovine) / XKS1 / RKI1 / RPE1 / TKL1 / TKL2 / TAL1 / cox4Δ / gre3Δ |
Deletion increases 17.4% in growth rate, increase of 26.8% in specific xylose utilization rate and 32.4% increase in specific ethanol production rate in co-fermentation of glucose and xylose |
(Wei et al., 2018) |
|
CCC1 / BSD2
|
Orpinomyces sp. XYLA / XKS1 / RKI1 / RPE1 / TKL1 / TKL2 / TAL1 / gre3Δ |
ccc1Δ and bsd2Δ strains had a 9-fold and 2.3-fold increase in xylose consumption |
(Palermo et al., 2021) |
|
HAP4
|
Scheffersomyces stipitis XYL1, XYL2 and XYL3
|
hap4Δ strain: 1.8-fold increase in ethanol production from xylose; production of 10.38 g/L of ethanol; ethanol yield of 0.41 g/g of xylose |
(Dzanaeva et al., 2021) |
