Table 4. Sugar transport modifications for improved xylose consumption in S. cerevisiae using heterologous expression and endogenous modification strategies.
| Strategy | Transporter genes | Mutation | Relevant genetic background |
Reported phenotype improvement |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heterologous expression |
GXF1 (Candida intermedia) |
– | MT8-1 - XKΔXI | Enhanced xylose consumption and ethanol production | (Tanino et al., 2012) |
| – | TMB 3043 - Scheffersomyces stipitis XYL1 and XYL2 / XKS1 / RKI1 / RPE1 / TKL1 / TKL2 / TAL1 / gre3Δ | Under anaerobic conditions, increased xylose uptake and ethanol formation at low xylose concentrations | (Runquist et al., 2009) | ||
| - | Scheffersomyces stipitis XYL1 and XYL2 / XKS1 | 2 times higher affinity for xylose | (Fonseca et al., 2011) | ||
|
GXS1 (Candida intermedia) |
Phe3 8 Ile3 9 Met40 | EX.12 - Scheffersomyces stipitis XYL1, XYL2 and XYL3 / hxt1-17Δ / gal2Δ | Growth on xylose but does not assimilate glucose | (Young et al., 2014) | |
|
GXS1 (Candida intermedia) |
F40 | EX.12 - Scheffersomyces stipitis XYL1, XYL2 and XYL3 / hxt1-17Δ / gal2Δ | Increased affinity for xylose | (Young et al., 2012) | |
|
XUT3
( Scheffersomyces stipitis ) |
E538K | EX.12 - Scheffersomyces stipitis XYL1, XYL2 and XYL3 / hxt1-17Δ / gal2Δ | Increased xylose uptake | (Young et al., 2012) | |
|
SUT1
(Scheffersomyces stipitis) |
- | Scheffersomyces stipitis XYL1 and XYL2 / XKS1 | Increased xylose absorption capacity and ethanol productivity in fermentation | (Katahira et al., 2008) | |
|
XUT1
(Scheffersomyces stipitis) |
– | EBY.VW4000 - Scheffersomyces stipitis XYL1 and XYL2 / hxt1-17Δ / gal2Δ | Greater preference for xylose over glucose | (Young et al., 2011) | |
|
CS4130
(Candida sojae) |
– | EBY.VW4000 - Scheffersomyces stipitis XYL1 and XYL2 / XKS1 / hxt1-17Δ / gal2Δ | Xylose absorption at high substrate concentrations | (Bueno et al., 2020) | |
|
MGT05196P
( Meyerozyma guilliermondii) |
N360F | EBY.VW4000 - Scheffersomyces stipitis XYL1 and XYL2 / XKS1 / hxt1-17Δ / gal2Δ | Xylose transport without inhibition by glucose | (Wang et al., 2015) | |
|
XITR1P
( Trichoderma reesei) |
N326F | EBY.VW4000 - hxt1-17Δ / gal2Δ | High xylose transport activity / low growth in glucose | (Jiang et al., 2020) | |
|
HXTB (Aspergillus nidulans) |
– | EBY.VW4000 - Scheffersomyces stipitis XYL1 and XYL2 / XKS1 / hxt1-17Δ / gal2Δ | Higher xylose growth and ethanol production | (Dos Reis et al., 2016) | |
|
XTRD (Aspergillus nidulans) |
– | EBY.VW4000 - Scheffersomyces stipitis XYL1 and XYL2 / XKS1 / hxt1-17Δ / gal2Δ | Higher affinity for xylose | (Colabardini et al., 2014) | |
| AT5G17010 ( Arabidopsisthaliana) | – | BY4727 - Scheffersomyces stipitis XYL1 and XYL2 / XKS1 | 25% and 40% increase in xylose consumption | (Hector et al., 2008) | |
| AT5G59250 ( Arabidopsisthaliana) | – | ||||
| AT5G59250 ( Arabidopsis thaliana) | – | Scheffersomyces stipitisXYL1 (K270R) and XYL2 / XKS1 / TAl1 / TKL1 / RPK1 / RPE1 / gre3Δ | Did not present significant results in the kinetics of xylose absorption | (Runquist, Hahn-Hägerdal & Rådström, 2010) | |
| Endogenous modification | HXT7 | F79S | BY4742 - Piromyces sp. XYLA / XKS1 / gre3Δ | Improved xylose absorption rates | (Apel et al., 2016) |
| HXT7 | N370S | AFY10X - Clostridium phytofermentans XYLA / TAL1 / TKL1 / RPI1 / RKI1 / XKS1 / hxk1Δ/ hxk2Δ / glk1Δ/ gal1Δ | Decreased inhibition by the presence of glucose | (Farwick et al., 2014) | |
| GAL2 | N376F | AFY10X –Clostridium phytofermentans XYLA / TAL1 / TKL1 / RPI1 / RKI1 / XKS1 / hxk1Δ/ hxk2Δ / glk1Δ/ gal1Δ | Lost the ability to transport hexoses and has a greater affinity for xylose | ||
| N376Y / M435I | SRY027 - XYLA / TAL1 / TKL1 / RPE1 / RKI1 / XKS1 / HXT2 / HXT7 / HXT9 / GAL2 | Reduction of xylose consumption time by approximately 40% | (Rojas et al., 2021) | ||
| T386A | DS69473 - Clostridium phytofermentans XYLA / TAL1 / TKL1 / RPE1 / RKI1 / XKS1 / gre3Δ/ hxt1-7Δ / gal2Δ / hxk1Δ, hxk2Δ, glk1Δ, gal1Δ | Increased xylose transport and reduced affinity for glucose | (Reznicek et al., 2015) | ||
| HXT36 (Chimeric) | N367A | DS71054 - XYLA / TAL1 / TKL1 / RPE1 / RKI1 / XKS1 / gre3Δ / hxt1-7Δ / gal2Δ / glk1Δ/ hxk1Δ/ hxk2Δ/ gal1Δ | Xylose transport at high rates / efficient co-consumption of glucose and xylose | (Nijland et al., 2014) | |
| HXT11 | N366 | DS68625 - XYLA / TAL1 / TKL1 / RPE1 / RKI1 / XKS1 / hxt1-7Δ / gre3Δ / gal2Δ | Increased affinity for xylose compared to glucose / high transport rates / efficient co-fermentation of xylose and glucose | (Shin et al., 2015) | |
| HXT2 | C505P | DS68625 - XYLA / TAL1 / TKL1 / RPE1 / RKI1 / XKS1 / hxt1-7Δ / gre3Δ / gal2Δ | Increased affinity and xylose transport flux at low concentrations of this substrate | (Nijland et al., 2018) |