Table 3.
Associations of maternal age with maternal and neonatal outcomes*
| Maternal age, number % (95% CI) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
<35
|
35-39
|
40-44
|
≥45
|
|
Gestational diabetes mellitus
|
|
|
|
|
| Unadjusted |
Reference |
1.52 (1.41-1.64) |
1.86 (1.69-2.04) |
2.43 (1.91-3.08) |
| Adjusted |
Reference |
1.48 (1.35-1.62) |
1.77 (1.59-1.98) |
2.18 (1.70-2.80) |
|
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
|
|
|
|
|
| Unadjusted |
Reference |
1.81 (1.59-2.07) |
2.15 (1.84-2.52) |
4.45 (3.24-6.12) |
| Adjusted |
Reference |
1.49 (1.28-1.75) |
1.68 (1.40-2.02) |
3.04 (2.16-4.26) |
|
Preeclampsia
|
|
|
|
|
| Unadjusted |
Reference |
1.75 (1.44-2.12) |
2.16 (1.71-2.72) |
4.53 (2.86-7.19) |
| Adjusted |
Reference |
1.43 (1.14-1.81) |
1.65 (1.26-2.16) |
2.96 (1.81-4.84) |
|
Placenta accreta spectrum
|
|
|
|
|
| Unadjusted |
Reference |
2.99 (2.50-3.57) |
3.81 (3.12-4.67) |
5.28 (3.47-8.04) |
| Adjusted |
Reference |
1.40 (1.11-1.75) |
1.60 (1.24-2.05) |
1.50 (0.96-2.36) |
|
Placenta previa
|
|
|
|
|
| Unadjusted |
Reference |
2.41 (2.04-2.83) |
2.95 (2.44-3.58) |
3.65 (2.34-5.69) |
| Adjusted |
Reference |
1.57 (1.28-1.91) |
1.80 (1.44-2.26) |
1.73 (1.09-2.76) |
|
Cesarean delivery
|
|
|
|
|
| Unadjusted |
Reference |
1.50 (1.42-1.58) |
1.79 (1.68-1.91) |
2.04 (1.72-2.41) |
| Adjusted |
Reference |
1.21 (1.13-1.29) |
1.39 (1.29-1.50) |
1.42 (1.19-1.70) |
|
Postpartum hemorrhage
|
|
|
|
|
| Unadjusted |
Reference |
1.49 (1.30-1.71) |
1.63 (1.37-1.94) |
1.97 (1.24-3.14) |
| Adjusted |
Reference |
1.15 (0.98-1.35) |
1.13 (0.93-1.37) |
1.28 (0.79-2.07) |
|
Preterm birth
|
|
|
|
|
| Unadjusted |
Reference |
1.52 (1.35-1.71) |
2.04 (1.77-2.35) |
2.84 (2.02-4.00) |
| Adjusted |
Reference |
1.34 (1.16-1.55) |
1.56 (1.32-1.86) |
1.70 (1.18-2.44) |
|
Large for gestational age†
|
|
|
|
|
| Unadjusted |
Reference |
1.14 (1.04-1.26) |
1.37 (1.21-1.54) |
1.26 (0.88-1.81) |
| Adjusted |
Reference |
1.14 (1.00-1.30) |
1.26 (1.09-1.47) |
1.06 (0.73-1.55) |
|
Small for gestational age†
|
|
|
|
|
| Unadjusted |
Reference |
1.07 (0.91-1.26) |
0.87 (0.70-1.09) |
1.39 (0.79-2.43) |
| Adjusted |
Reference |
1.07 (0.87-1.32) |
0.88 (0.67-1.15) |
1.39 (0.77-2.50) |
|
Macrosomia
|
|
|
|
|
| Unadjusted |
Reference |
1.36 (1.24-1.49) |
1.61 (1.43-1.81) |
1.53 (1.07-2.19) |
| Adjusted |
Reference |
1.13 (1.00-1.27) |
1.26 (1.09-1.45) |
1.06 (0.73-1.53) |
|
Congenital anomaly
|
|
|
|
|
| Unadjusted |
Reference |
2.54 (1.97-3.27) |
2.54 (1.87-3.44) |
5.57 (3.14-9.88) |
| Adjusted | Reference | 1.35 (0.99-1.85) | 1.42 (0.99-2.04) | 2.86 (1.54-5.30) |
*Data are relative risk (95% confidence interval). Adjusted for ethnicity, education, occupation, annual household income, gestational age at enrolment, pre-pregnancy body mass index, smoking and alcohol consumption within six months prior to pregnancy, parity, method of conception, and preexisting comorbidities.
†Excluding missing data on birth weight, neonatal sex, and gestational age at delivery (n = 3750).