Table 2.
Cumulative incidence (%) of five outcomes from any diagnosis in Medicare inpatient data on ≥1 time by the three study drugs and other factors (1999–2017).
| Demographic | Cancer | Angioedema | Insomnia | Depression | Erectile dysfunction (in men) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Events/total (n/N) | 6-year % (SE) | 18-year %a (SE) | Events /total (n/N) | 6-year % (SE) | 18-year %a (SE) | Events/total (n/N) | 6-year % (SE) | 18-year %a (SE) | Events/total (n/N) | 6-year % (SE) | 18-year %a (SE) | Events/total (n/N) | 6-year % (SE) | 18-year %a (SE) | |
| All patients | 2,857/17,332 | 9.8 (0.2) | 24.2 (0.4) | 296/17,340 | 1 (0.1) | 2.8 (0.2) | 3,359/17,340 | 12.3 (0.3) | 29.9 (0.5) | 5,456/17,330 | 20.8 (0.3) | 45.4 (0.5) | 1,079/7,444 | 14.3 (0.4) | 19.2 (0.6) |
| Randomized group | |||||||||||||||
| Chlorthalidone | 1,288/7,993 | 9.5 (0.3) | 23.9 (0.6) | 126/7,996 | 0.9 (0.1) | 2.7 (0.3) | 1,547/7,996 | 12.3 (0.4) | 30.0 (0.7) | 2,531/7,992 | 20.9 (0.5) | 45.4 (0.8) | 518/3,425 | 14.5 (0.6) | 20.6 (0.9) |
| Amlodipine | 760/4,680 | 9.8 (0.5) | 23.4 (0.8) | 68/4,682 | 0.9 (0.2) | 2.3 (0.3) | 934/4,682 | 12.9 (0.5) | 30.6 (1.0) | 1,487/4,680 | 20.7 (0.6) | 45.8 (1.0) | 273/1,969 | 14.1 (0.8) | 17.7 (1.1) |
| Lisinopril | 809/4,659 | 10.5 (0.5) | 25.3 (0.9) | 102/4,662 | 1.3 (0.2) | 3.6 (0.4) | 878/4,662 | 11.7 (0.5) | 29.2 (0.9) | 1,438/4,658 | 20.6 (0.6) | 45.1 (1.0) | 288/2,050 | 14.2 (0.8) | 18.2 (1.1) |
| Age group (as of 1 January 1999) (years) | |||||||||||||||
| Age <70 | 988/6,035 | 7.8 (0.4) | 21.6 (0.6) | 116/6,037 | 0.9 (0.1) | 2.8 (0.3) | 1,369/6,037 | 12.0 (0.4) | 30.8 (0.7) | 1,992/6,035 | 18.8 (0.5) | 42.8 (0.8) | 542/2,749 | 18.1 (0.8) | 23.8 (0.9) |
| Age 70–79 | 1,469/8,489 | 10.4 (0.3) | 25.2 (0.6) | 147/8,494 | 1.1 (0.1) | 2.8 (0.3) | 1,622/8,494 | 12.4 (0.4) | 29.5 (0.7) | 2,674/8,488 | 20.6 (0.5) | 46.4 (0.8) | 475/3,669 | 12.8 (0.6) | 17.0 (0.8) |
| Age 80+ | 400/2,808 | 13.3 (0.7) | 26.4 (1.6) | 33/2,809 | 1.0 (0.2) | 2.3 (0.5) | 368/2,809 | 12.6 (0.7) | 25.4 (1.6) | 790/2,807 | 26.7 (1.0) | 48.7 (1.8) | 62/1,026 | 8.2 (1.0) | 8.2 (1.0) |
| Gender | |||||||||||||||
| Male | 1,462/7,439 | 12.1 (0.4) | 29.9 (0.7) | 95/7,444 | 0.9 (0.1) | 2.1 (0.2) | 1,354/7,444 | 12.0 (0.4) | 30.2 (0.8) | 1,900/7,443 | 16.3 (0.5) | 40.4 (0.8) | — | — | — |
| Female | 1,395/9,893 | 8.2 (0.3) | 20.2 (0.5) | 201/9,896 | 1.1 (0.1) | 3.3 (0.2) | 2,005/9,896 | 12.5 (0.4) | 29.8 (0.6) | 3,556/9,887 | 24.0 (0.5) | 49.0 (0.7) | — | — | — |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||||||||
| Black | 1,063/6,020 | 11.0 (0.4) | 25.9 (0.8) | 173/6,024 | 1.5 (0.2) | 4.9 (0.4) | 927/6,024 | 9.3 (0.4) | 24.5 (0.8) | 1,679/6,019 | 17.9 (0.5) | 41.8 (0.9) | 335/2,061 | 16.8 (0.9) | 22.4 (1.2) |
| Non-Black | 1,794/11,312 | 9.2 (0.3) | 23.2 (0.5) | 123/11,316 | 0.7 (0.1) | 1.7 (0.2) | 2,432/11,316 | 13.9 (0.3) | 32.7 (0.6) | 3,777/11,311 | 22.3 (0.4) | 47.3 (0.6) | 744/5,383 | 13.4 (0.5) | 18.0 (0.7) |
| Hispanic/Latino ethnicity | |||||||||||||||
| Hispanic | 359/3,631 | 7.1 (0.4) | 13.0 (0.7) | 36/3,631 | 0.6 (0.1) | 1.5 (0.3) | 591/3,631 | 11.6 (0.6) | 21.8 (0.9) | 887/3,630 | 18.5 (0.7) | 31.3 (0.9) | 176/1,448 | 12.4 (0.9) | 14.8 (1.1) |
| Non-Hispanic | 2,478/13,612 | 10.6 (0.3) | 27.4 (0.5) | 260/13,620 | 1.1 (0.1) | 3.2 (0.2) | 2,749/13,620 | 12.5 (0.3) | 32.6 (0.6) | 4,541/13,611 | 21.5 (0.4) | 49.8 (0.6) | 896/5,948 | 14.8 (0.5) | 20.4 (0.7) |
| Education level | |||||||||||||||
| <High school | 1,943/11,875 | 10.3 (0.3) | 24.1 (0.5) | 200/11,880 | 1.0 (0.1) | 2.8 (0.2) | 2,202/11,880 | 11.9 (0.3) | 29.0 (0.6) | 3,681/11,873 | 21.2 (0.4) | 45.1 (0.6) | 622/4,631 | 13.6 (0.5) | 18.2 (0.7) |
| ≥High school | 724/4,151 | 8.7 (0.5) | 24.7 (0.9) | 74/4,154 | 0.8 (0.1) | 2.8 (0.3) | 940/4,154 | 13.2 (0.6) | 33.9 (1.0) | 1,412/4,153 | 19.8 (0.6) | 47.7 (1.0) | 375/2,286 | 15.2 (0.8) | 20.7 (1.0) |
| Treatment with antihypertensive drugs prior to trial baseline | |||||||||||||||
| Treated | 2,608/15,709 | 10.0 (0.3) | 24.3 (0.5) | 280/15,717 | 1.0 (0.1) | 3.0 (0.2) | 3,089/15,717 | 12.6 (0.3) | 30.5 (0.5) | 4,976/15,707 | 21.0 (0.3) | 45.7 (0.5) | 972/6,629 | 14.6 (0.5) | 19.4 (0.6) |
| Untreated | 249/1,623 | 8.3 (0.7) | 22.4 (1.4) | 16/1,623 | 0.8 (0.2) | 1.4 (0.4) | 270/1,623 | 9.6 (0.8) | 24.9 (1.4) | 480/1,623 | 18.6 (1.0) | 42.8 (1.7) | 107/815 | 12.2 (1.2) | 17.1 (1.6) |
| Aspirin use (as of 1 January 1999) | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 1,080/6,406 | 10.0 (0.4) | 25.3 (0.7) | 101/6,410 | 1.1 (0.1) | 2.5 (0.3) | 1,302/6,410 | 12.6 (0.4) | 32.7 (0.9) | 2,049/6,406 | 19.9 (0.5) | 48.1 (0.9) | 504/3,356 | 14.6 (0.7) | 19.9 (0.9) |
| No | 1,753/10,760 | 9.8 (0.3) | 23.5 (0.5) | 193/10,764 | 1.0 (0.1) | 2.9 (0.2) | 2,036/10,764 | 12.1 (0.3) | 28.5 (0.6) | 3,368/10,758 | 21.4 (0.4) | 44.1 (0.6) | 568/4,013 | 14.2 (0.6) | 18.7 (0.8) |
| Women taking estrogen at trial baseline | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 202/1,444 | 6.0 (0.6) | 18.5 (1.2) | 35/1,444 | 1.0 (0.3) | 3.5 (0.6) | 419/1,444 | 17.4 (1.0) | 38.4 (1.6) | 652/1,443 | 29.7 (1.2) | 55.7 (1.6) | — | — | — |
| No | 1,174/8,271 | 8.6 (0.3) | 20.6 (0.6) | 161/8,274 | 1.1 (0.1) | 3.2 (0.3) | 1,549/8,274 | 11.6 (0.4) | 28.0 (0.7) | 2,847/8,266 | 23.0 (0.5) | 47.8 (0.7) | — | — | — |
| HDL cholesterol <35 mg/dl (as of 1 January 1999) | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 545/2,784 | 12.0 (0.7) | 30.1 (1.2) | 35/2,784 | 0.8 (0.2) | 2.0 (0.4) | 548/2,784 | 12.9 (0.7) | 33.3 (1.4) | 837/2,784 | 19.8 (0.8) | 46.0 (1.4) | 286/1,909 | 15.3 (0.9) | 18.8 (1.1) |
| No | 2,312/14,548 | 9.4 (0.3) | 23.1 (0.5) | 261/14,556 | 1.0 (0.1) | 2.9 (0.2) | 2,811/14,556 | 12.2 (0.3) | 29.4 (0.5) | 4,619/14,546 | 21.0 (0.4) | 45.4 (0.6) | 793/5,535 | 14.0 (0.5) | 19.3 (0.7) |
| Cigarette smoking at trial baseline | |||||||||||||||
| Never smoker | 1,031/7,649 | 7.7 (0.3) | 19.4 (0.6) | 138/7,649 | 1.0 (0.1) | 2.9 (0.3) | 1,498/7,649 | 11.9 (0.4) | 28.5 (0.7) | 2,510/7,642 | 20.9 (0.5) | 44.9 (0.7) | 284/1,895 | 14.4 (0.9) | 19.2 (1.1) |
| Current smoker | 627/2,842 | 14.3 (0.7) | 33.2 (1.2) | 46/2,845 | 1.2 (0.2) | 2.7 (0.5) | 468/2,845 | 11.3 (0.7) | 28.8 (1.4) | 822/2,843 | 21.4 (0.8) | 44.2 (1.4) | 179/1,389 | 13.3 (1.0) | 17.9 (1.3) |
| Former smoker | 1,199/6,840 | 10.4 (0.4) | 26.2 (0.7) | 112/6,845 | 0.9 (0.1) | 2.7 (0.3) | 1,393/6,845 | 13.1 (0.4) | 32.3 (0.8) | 2,123/6,844 | 20.5 (0.5) | 46.6 (0.9) | 615/4,159 | 14.6 (0.6) | 19.5 (0.8) |
| Diabetes classification (as of 1 January 1999) | |||||||||||||||
| Diabetic | 1,110/7,091 | 9.9 (0.4) | 24.6 (0.7) | 122/7,091 | 1.0 (0.1) | 3.1 (0.3) | 1,292/7,091 | 12.2 (0.4) | 30.0 (0.8) | 2,242/7,086 | 22.1 (0.5) | 48.2 (0.9) | 386/2,889 | 13.6 (0.7) | 18.4 (1.0) |
| Non-diabetic | 1,528/8,976 | 9.6 (0.3) | 23.8 (0.6) | 152/8,981 | 1.0 (0.1) | 2.6 (0.2) | 1,829/8,981 | 12.4 (0.4) | 30.0 (0.7) | 2,833/8,976 | 19.8 (0.4) | 43.9 (0.7) | 626/4,031 | 14.9 (0.6) | 19.9 (0.8) |
| History of CHD (as of 1 January 1999) | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 779/4,845 | 10.2 (0.5) | 24.3 (0.8) | 68/4,848 | 1.0 (0.2) | 2.3 (0.3) | 980/4,848 | 13.3 (0.5) | 34.0 (1.1) | 1,542/4,844 | 22.5 (0.6) | 47.7 (1.0) | 346/2,593 | 13.4 (0.7) | 18.6 (1.1) |
| No | 2,078/12,487 | 9.7 (0.3) | 24.0 (0.5) | 228/12,492 | 1.0 (0.1) | 3.0 (0.2) | 2,379/12,492 | 11.9 (0.3) | 28.6 (0.6) | 3,914/12,486 | 20.2 (0.4) | 44.6 (0.6) | 733/4,851 | 14.8 (0.5) | 19.5 (0.7) |
| ASCVD at trial baseline | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 1,529/9,479 | 10.0 (0.3) | 24.4 (0.6) | 174/9,482 | 1.1 (0.1) | 3.1 (0.3) | 1,875/9,482 | 13.1 (0.4) | 31.5 (0.7) | 3,019/9,478 | 21.9 (0.5) | 46.8 (0.7) | 602/4,351 | 14.1 (0.6) | 18.8 (0.8) |
| No | 1,328/7,853 | 9.6 (0.4) | 23.9 (0.6) | 122/7,858 | 0.9 (0.1) | 2.4 (0.2) | 1,484/7,858 | 11.4 (0.4) | 28.2 (0.7) | 2,437/7,852 | 19.5 (0.5) | 43.9 (0.8) | 477/3,093 | 14.7 (0.7) | 19.7 (0.9) |
| History of MI or stroke (as of 1 January 1999) | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 761/4,702 | 11.2 (0.5) | 26.4 (1.0) | 78/4,705 | 1.1 (0.2) | 2.9 (0.4) | 867/4,705 | 13.1 (0.5) | 33.0 (1.1) | 1,527/4,700 | 24.6 (0.7) | 50.5 (1.1) | 279/2,388 | 11.9 (0.7) | 17.4 (1.2) |
| No | 2,096/12,630 | 9.4 (0.3) | 23.4 (0.5) | 218/12,635 | 1.0 (0.1) | 2.7 (0.2) | 2,492/12,635 | 12.0 (0.3) | 29.1 (0.6) | 3,929/12,630 | 19.5 (0.4) | 43.8 (0.6) | 800/5,056 | 15.4 (0.5) | 20.0 (0.7) |
| History of CABG (as of 1 January 1999) | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 441/2,676 | 9.9 (0.6) | 26.4 (1.2) | 38/2,677 | 1.2 (0.2) | 2.3 (0.5) | 570/2,677 | 14.0 (0.7) | 37.0 (1.6) | 859/2,676 | 22.3 (0.9) | 49.9 (1.5) | 249/1,721 | 14.3 (0.9) | 20.0 (1.3) |
| No | 2,416/14,656 | 9.8 (0.3) | 23.8 (0.5) | 258/14,663 | 1.0 (0.1) | 2.9 (0.2) | 2,789/14,663 | 12.0 (0.3) | 28.9 (0.5) | 4,597/14,654 | 20.5 (0.4) | 44.8 (0.6) | 830/5,723 | 14.3 (0.5) | 19.0 (0.7) |
| Other ASCVD at trial baseline | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 723/4,565 | 9.7 (0.5) | 23.8 (0.9) | 81/4,567 | 1.0 (0.2) | 3.1 (0.4) | 916/4,567 | 13.5 (0.5) | 31.6 (1.0) | 1,469/4,565 | 22.0 (0.7) | 47.0 (1.0) | 252/1,934 | 13.3 (0.8) | 17.3 (1.1) |
| No | 2,134/12,767 | 9.9 (0.3) | 24.3 (0.5) | 215/12,773 | 1.0 (0.1) | 2.7 (0.2) | 2,443/12,773 | 11.9 (0.3) | 29.4 (0.6) | 3,987/12,765 | 20.4 (0.4) | 44.9 (0.6) | 827/5,510 | 14.7 (0.5) | 19.7 (0.7) |
| Major ST segment depression (as of 1 January 1999) | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 231/1,389 | 10.3 (0.9) | 26.2 (1.7) | 29/1,389 | 1.3 (0.3) | 3.9 (0.8) | 262/1,389 | 12.6 (1.0) | 30.3 (1.8) | 401/1,389 | 19.4 (1.1) | 43.8 (1.9) | 98/554 | 18.2 (1.8) | 24.4 (2.4) |
| No | 2,615/15,890 | 9.8 (0.2) | 24.0 (0.4) | 267/15,898 | 1.0 (0.1) | 2.7 (0.2) | 3,088/15,898 | 12.3 (0.3) | 29.9 (0.5) | 5,041/15,888 | 20.9 (0.3) | 45.6 (0.5) | 979/6,872 | 14.0 (0.5) | 18.8 (0.6) |
| LVH by the Minnesota code (as of 1 January 1999) | |||||||||||||||
| Hard LVH | 106/675 | 12.2 (1.4) | 26.3 (2.6) | 8/675 | 0.8 (0.4) | 3.7 (1.5) | 90/675 | 10.7 (1.4) | 26.1 (3.0) | 200/674 | 22.4 (1.8) | 51.2 (3.3) | 37/266 | 15.8 (2.5) | 17.2 (2.8) |
| No/soft LVH | 2,467/14,767 | 9.7 (0.3) | 24.4 (0.5) | 261/14,774 | 1.0 (0.1) | 2.8 (0.2) | 2,977/14,774 | 12.5 (0.3) | 31.0 (0.5) | 4,712/14,767 | 20.7 (0.4) | 45.8 (0.6) | 937/6,471 | 14.1 (0.5) | 19.3 (0.6) |
| LLT participant | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 645/4,217 | 9.1 (0.5) | 21.5 (0.8) | 69/4,219 | 0.9 (0.2) | 2.7 (0.3) | 800/4,219 | 11.9 (0.5) | 28.6 (1.0) | 1,299/4,218 | 19.6 (0.6) | 42.9 (1.0) | 247/1,757 | 14.2 (0.9) | 18.0 (1.1) |
| No | 2,212/13,115 | 10.1 (0.3) | 25.1 (0.5) | 227/13,121 | 1.0 (0.1) | 2.8 (0.2) | 2,559/13,121 | 12.4 (0.3) | 30.4 (0.6) | 4,157/13,112 | 21.2 (0.4) | 46.3 (0.6) | 832/5,687 | 14.4 (0.5) | 19.5 (0.7) |
| Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) at trial baseline | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 1,149/6,875 | 9.4 (0.4) | 24.1 (0.7) | 158/6,881 | 1.2 (0.1) | 3.8 (0.3) | 1,505/6,881 | 13.2 (0.4) | 33.1 (0.8) | 2,342/6,876 | 21.5 (0.5) | 48.3 (0.8) | 387/2,570 | 14.8 (0.7) | 19.4 (1.0) |
| No | 1,708/10,457 | 10.2 (0.3) | 24.2 (0.6) | 138/10,459 | 0.8 (0.1) | 2.1 (0.2) | 1,854/10,459 | 11.7 (0.3) | 27.7 (0.6) | 3,114/10,454 | 20.3 (0.4) | 43.4 (0.7) | 692/4,874 | 14.1 (0.5) | 19.0 (0.7) |
ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; LLT, lipid-lowering trial; n, number of patients experiencing the event; N, number of patients eligible to be studied for the event; SE, standard error.
Cancer diagnoses excluded non-melanoma skin cancer and included diagnoses from inpatient data only.
a
18-year time to event includes events occurring up to, but not including, year 19 (e.g., throughout 2017).