Table 2.

Regulatory effects of phytoconstituents on various biomarkers associated with various cancer types.

S.No.	Phytoconstituent	Type of cancer	Biomarkers	Application of biomarker	Outcome	Reference
1.	Resveratrol	Colorectal	Ki-67	Cancer proliferation	It leads to downregulation of Ki-67 levels on the growth and progression of malignancy.	Patel et al. (160)
			Caspase-3	Apoptosis	It led to an increase in cleaved caspase-3 levels within malignant hepatic tissue.	Howells et al. (161)
		Breast	RASSF1α	Detection and prognosis	The reduction of methylation levels in the RASSF-1α gene on administration of resveratrol.	Zhu et al. (162)
		Prostate	Ki-67	Cancer proliferation	Significant reduction in the levels of cellular proliferation markers, specifically Ki67.	Singh et al. (163)
			PCNA	Cancer proliferation	Reduction in the levels of PCNA, a well-established marker of cell survival, has been observed upon exposure to resveratrol.	Singh et al. (163)
2.	Curcumin	Breast	miRNA-203	Diagnosis	It leads to an increase in miR-203 which shows promising therapy against cancer by regulating epigenetic code, a key mechanism involved in the development and progression of breast cancer.	Khan et al. (164)
		Bladder	Ki-67	Cancer proliferation	The findings of this study demonstrate a notable reduction in Ki-67 expression.	Kamat et al. (165)
		Prostate	PCNA	Cancer proliferation	Significant reduction in PCNA levels, which subsequently leads to the activation of apoptosis of malignant cells.	Barve et al. (166)
		Pancreatic	miRNA-22	Diagnostic	The up-regulation of miRNA-22, induced by curcumin, has been found to exhibit inhibitory effects on the growth of pancreatic cancer cells.	Khan et al. (164)
		Hepatic	miRNA-21	Diagnosis	The decline in miR-21 has been found to play a crucial role in facilitating the regulation of the cell cycle and apoptosis by elevating PTEN and PDCD4 Protein level in Hepatic cancer.	Khan et al. (164)
3.	Quercetin	Breast	EZH2	Prognostic	The inhibition of EZH2 has been found to have a substantial impact by effectively blocking the Notch-1 and P13K/Akt signal pathways.	Cao et al. (167)
		Liver	AFP	Diagnosis	The intervention demonstrated significant efficacy in reducing the incidence of AFP rates.	Abdu et al. (168)
		Prostate	Hsp90	Diagnosis	The stimulation of cell death and caspases through the inhibition of Hsp90 was observed.	Aalinkeel et al. (169)
		Thyroid	Pro-NAG1	Diagnosis	The induction of apoptosis was observed to be mediated through the selective upregulation of pro-NAG-1 expression.	Hong et al. (170)
4.	Beta lapachone	Breast	NQO1	Prognosis	The inhibitory effects of β-lapachone on the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway were observed through the downregulation of NQO1.	Yang et al. (171)
		Pancreatic	NQO1	Prognosis	The administration of β-lapachone resulted in a significant reduction in NQO-1 levels.	Silvers et al. (172)
5.	Epigallocatechin	Breast	Akt	Indication of regulation of P13K/mTOR pathway	The inhibitory effects of polyphenol treatment on AKT were observed at both the RNA and protein levels resulting in cancer’s attenuation.	Thangapazham et al. (173)
			p53	Diagnosis	It inhibits the development of malignant breast cells and induces apoptosis through deregulating the P53/Bcl-2 pathway.	Huang et al (174)
		Hepatic	Ki-67 and PCNA	Cell proliferation	A significant decrease in the expression levels of PCNA and Ki-67 which results in inhibitory effects on cellular proliferation in the liver.	Sojoodi et al. (175)
		Bladder	PCNA	Cell proliferation	A significant decrease in the biomarker levels, which was found to be dependent on the dosage administered.	Piwowarczyk et al. (176)
			IL-1β	Inflammation	IL-1β suppression decreases formation of ROS, AP-1/NF-kB, and cancer cell migration.	Sah et al. (177)
		Colon	ACF	Prognosis	The formation of ACF was found to be markedly suppressed, as evidenced by a notable reduction in their size within cancer cells.	Zhong et al. (178)
6.	Ellagic acid	Breast	Actinin-4 (ACTN4)	Early diagnosis and prediction	The inhibitory effects on ACTN4 led to the suppression of cancerous cell multiplication and colony formation by declining β-catenin proteasome.	Wang et al. (84, 85)
		Hepatic	AFP	Diagnosis	There was a substantial reduction in the concentration of AFP.	Zaazaa et al. (179)
		Oral	Birc5	Diagnosis and prognosis	It effectively impedes tumor cell proliferation and hinder disease progression by diminishing anti-apoptotic associated Birc5 marker.	Oghumu et al. (180)
7.	Daidzein	Breast	Caspase-9	Apoptosis	Increase in caspase-9 activity by 32.2% upon exposure to Daidzein, leading to the induction of apoptosis.	Choi et al. (181)
8.	Dihydroartemisinin	Brain	HSPA-5	ER stress	HSPA5, a key marker of ER stress was increased which inhibits the PERK/ATF4 pathway.	Chen et al. (182)
		Colon	c-MYC	Diagnosis	A decrease in the levels of the c-MYC protein, a pivotal modulator of several cellular processes, through the proteasome pathway.	Lu et al. (183)
		Hepatic	ANGPTL 2	Cellular Senescence	The inhibition of multiplication and invasion in glioma cells has been attributed to the decline in ANGPTL2 levels, which effectively suppresses the ERK/MAPK pathway.	Wu et al. (184)
		Ovarian	PDGFRα	Prognostic	The interruption of PDGFRα by DHA results in interruption of cell growth, multiplication, and apoptosis in malignant cells.	Li et al. (185)
9.	Triptolide	Adeno (Stomach)	CXCR4	Prognostic	The therapeutic targeting of CXCR4 by triptolide holds significant promise in the realm of cancer treatment.	Qiu et al. (186)
		Pancreatic	KRAS	Diagnosis	A significant reduction in KRAS mutation levels in cancer cells, leading to a notable antitumor effect.	Kim et al. (187)
10.	Genistein	Breast	miR-23b	Inflammation	It upregulates miR-23b effectively inhibits cell migration and metastasis.	Avci et al. (188)
		Colon	TTTY18	Cancer development/metastasis	A significant reduction in tumor volume, accompanied by decrease in both TGF-β1 contents and TTTY18.	Chen et al. (189)
		Ovarian	Malondialdehyde	Oxidative stress	The intervention resulted in a decrease in the marker and level of NFkB, while simultaneously increasing Nrf2 and Bax in cancer cells.	Sahin et al. (190)