Table 3.

Anti-cancerous application of natural occurring therapeutic molecules based nanoformulations.

Types of nano approach	Components of nano formulation	Phytoconstituents / combinations of phytochemicals	Method of synthesis	Application and cell line/model	Outcome	Reference
SLN	Hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin and gelucire	Curcumin and Resveratrol	Sonicatio n and freeze drying	in-vitro study on HCT-116 cell lines	The nanoformulati on exhibits a significant increase in halting cell multiplication of colon tumor cells compared to the insoluble mixture	Gumireddy et al. (198)
NLC	Fluvastatin	Egallic acid and Alpha lipoic acid	Hot emulsification–ultrasonication method	in-vitro study on PC-3 prostate cancerous cell line	It results in cell death more effectively compared to the combination without NLC, through the mechanisms of cell cycle interruption and minimized caspase 3 expression	Fahmy (199)
NLC	Fluvastatin	Egallic acid and Alpha lipoic acid	Hot emulsification– ultrasonication method	in-vitro study on PC-3 prostate cancerous cell line	It results in cell death more effectively compared to the combination without NLC, through the mechanisms of cell cycle interruption and minimized caspase 3 expression	Fahmy (199)
NLC	Glycerol monostearate, soybean phosphatidylcholi ne and PEG	Curcumin and Etoposide	Solvent injection technique	in-vitro study on SGC7901 and in-vivo experiment in BALB/c nude mice	The animal model demonstrated better anti cancer efficacy against gastric carcinoma at a lower dose when administered combination drug-loaded NLCs compared to single drug- loaded NLCs	Jiang et al. (200)
NLC	Tristearin and TPGS	Genistein	Solvent emulsifica tion and evaporatio n method	in-vitro study on PA-1	The anti-tumor activity was demonstrated on PA-1 cell lines is more desirable to that of unmodified Genistein	Mittal et al. (201)
NLC	Glycerol monostearate and soya lecithin	Genistein and Curcumin	Nanoemul sion method	in-vitro study on PC-3 cell line	The findings of this investigation illustrate the improvement in the inhibition of cell development resulting in the encapsulation of curcumin and genistein within NLCs	Aditya et al. (202)
Nanocap sules	Poly (ɛ- caprolactone), capric/caprylic triglyceride and sorbitan monostearate	Resveratrol	Interfacial deposition	In-vitro study on C6 rat glioma cell line In-vivo study on implanted C-6 cells in rat	The experimental formulation demonstrated a more pronounced reduction in the survival of C6 glioma in vitro as compared to the impact of resveratrol in solution. It declined via cell death and the arrest of cell cycle progression at an early stage in the S and G1 phases. The experiment demonstrated selectivity for cancer cells and yielded a noticeable decrease in tumor dimensions	Figueiró et al. (203)
Nano Emulsion	Capmul MCM and tween 80	Resveratrol and Tamoxifen	Homogeni zation	In-vitro study on MCF-7	Its therapeutic efficacy is significantly higher than that of the traditional preparation. It also proved superior internalization on the MCF-7 cell line	Shrivastava et al. (204)
AuNPs	0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution, SDS and ethyl alcohol absolute.	Genistein	One pot synthesis	In-vitro studies on A549 lung cancer cell line and HTB-140 cell line	This formulation exhibited superior cytotoxicity against cancer cells in comparison with untreated genistein	Stolarczyk et al. (205)
AuNPs	Trypsin–EDTA and TRIzol	Epigallocatechin gallate	Reduction methods	In-vitro studies on various cell lines including MCF-10A, HPNE, PC3 and A375SM cell line.	It has preferential affinity towards malignant cells and a rapid stimulation of cell death, coupled with a strengthened efficacy in the inhibition of NF-κB	Chavva et al. (206)
AgNPs	Chitosan, soluble starch and tween 80	Ellagic acid and Alginate Silver	Magnetic stirring and centrifuga tion technique s	In-vitro studies on normal mouse fibroblast cell and MCF-7 breast cancer cell line	It illustrates cytotoxicity against MCF- 7 cells based on its increase in concentration and displays a high degree of sensitivity towards them	Hussein-Al-Ali et al. (207)