TABLE 1.
The summarization of recent responsive scaffolds.
| Scaffold categories | Specific scaffold material | Growth factors or drugs | Animal model/in vitro study | Function | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| temperature-responsive | elastin-like polymer (VPAVG)220 | bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and bone morphogenetic protein-14 (BMP-14) | C2C12 cells | induced osteogenic mineralization | Bessa et al. (2010) |
| temperature-responsive | poly(ε-caprolactone-co-lactide)-b-PEG-b-poly(ε-caprolactone-co-lactide) (PCLA) and O-phosphorylethanolamine | bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) | subcutaneous administration into the dorsal region of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats | biomineralized in situ | Kim et al. (2020) |
| temperature-responsive | chitosan (CS) and methylcellulose (MC) | veratric acid (VA) | mouse mesenchymal stem cells | promoted osteogenic differentiation | Durairaj et al. (2023) |
| temperature-responsive | hydroxyapatite (HA), Gelatin (GN) and Fe3O4 | ibuprofen (IBU) | MTT assay within the cell environment | highly biocompatible | Sahmani et al. (2020) |
| light-responsive | strontium and ibuprofen-loaded black phosphorus (BP + IBU@SA microspheres) into aminated modified poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) | ibuprofen (IBU) | MC3T3-E1 cells | improved cell adhesion and proliferation and induced apatite formation | Chen et al. (2021) |
| light-responsive | thin-film silicon (Si) embedded into hydroxyapatite mineralized collagen/poly(ε-caprolactone) (PLA) structures | - | 5 mm-sized SD rat circular bone defect model | improved osteogenesis | Wang et al. (2023) |
| electric-responsive | poly (l-lactic acid)-block-aniline pentamer-block-poly (l-lactic acid) (PLA-AP) with poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)/hydroxyapatite (PLGA/HA) | human bone morphogenetic protein-4 (hBMP-4) | rabbit radial defect model | improved cell proliferation ability, enhanced osteogenesis differentiation and bone healing | Cui et al. (2020) |
| electric-responsive | gelatin-graft-poly-pyrrole | H2O2 | - | sustained oxygen release | Nejati et al. (2020) |
| electric-responsive | silicon dioxide with poly(dimethylsiloxane) (SiO2/PDMS) | - | 5 mm-sized SD rat circular bone defect model | facilitated bone regeneration | Qiao et al. (2022) |
| mechanical-responsive | hydroxyapatite/barium titanate (HA/BT) | - | MTT assay within L929 cells | highly biocompatible | Zhang et al. (2014) |
| magnetic-responsive | poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), and magnetostrictive particles of CoFe2O4 | - | MC3T3-E1 cells | promoted preosteoblasts proliferation | Fernandes et al. (2019) |
| magnetic-responsive | polycaprolactone (PCL) microparticles, encapsulating magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) | placental proteins | umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) | promoted osteogenic differentiation | Lanier et al. (2021) |
| ultrasound-responsive | polylactic acids (PLA) embedded in alginate hydrogels | stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) | SD rats femoral bone defect model | repaired bone defect in situ | He et al. (2023) |
| pH-responsive | polycaprolactone/collagen (PCL/Col) membrane modified by zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) |
- | SD rats calvarial defect model | increased osteoinductivity along with blood vessel formation | Xue et al. (2021) |
| pH-responsive | chitosan loaded with ZIF-8 | vancomycin (VAN) | MC3T3-E1 cells | promoted high proliferation and osteogenic activities | Karakeçili et al. (2019) |
| ROS-responsive | LBL-compatible poly (thioketal β-amino amide) (PTK-BAA) polycation | bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) | 8 mm-sized SD rat circular bone defect model | increased new bone formation | Martin et al. (2021) |
| enzyme-responsive | KLDL-MMP1 (Ac-KLDLKLDLVPMSMRGGKLDLKLDL-CONH2) peptides | bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell-derived exosomes (BMSC-Exos) | 6 mm-sized SD rat circular bone defect model | recruited stem cells and promoted osteodifferentiation in response to neovascularization and accelerate tissue regeneration | Yang et al. (2023) |
| enzyme-responsive | polycaprolactone/chitosan nanofibers with glucose oxidase (GOD) | dexamethasone (DEX) | MC3T3-E1 cells | promoted MC3T3-E1 cells' osteogenic differentiation in high-glucose environments | Jia et al. (2023) |