Table 2.

Association Between School Bonding and Past 30-Day Opioid Misuse.

Variables	Odds Ratios	CI
School Bonding Index	0.78***	(0.76–0.80)
Gender (ref=Male)
Female	1.72***	(1.58–1.87)
Race (ref= White)
Black	0.08***	(0.06–0.11)
Latinx	0.32***	(0.23–0.44)
Other	0.98	(0.56–1.70)
School Type (ref= Public/Private)
Vocational	1.56*	(0.98–2.50)
Alternative	1.68***	(1.43–1.97)
GED or Graduated	2.25**	(1.93–2.61)
Home School	2.00***	(1.51–2.66)
College	2.20**	(1.32–3.67)
Other	2.24***	(1.92–2.62)
Expelled	2.36***	(2.05–2.72)
Dropped Out	1.24***	(1.06–1.45)
Age at First Offense (ref= 12 and Under)
13–14	1.25***	(1.11–1.40)
15	1.36***	(1.18–1.56)
16	1.28***	(1.08–1.53)
Over 16	1.28**	(1.00–1.66)
Household Income (ref= Under $15,000)
$15,000 -34,999	1.01	(0.88–1.16)
$35,000 -49,999	1.15	(0.95–1.40)
$50,000 and Over	1.51***	(1.25–1.83)
Constant	0.05***	(0.04–0.06)
Observations	77,458	77,458

Note: Robust CI in parentheses.

^***p<.01

^**p<.05

^*p<.1