Figure 3.

CRF for ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ exposure and all-cause mortality in population $65+$ years of age. (A) Mean of eSCHIF fits in eight individual cohorts with counterfactual levels equal to the fifth percentile of the cohort-specific ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ exposure distributions (corresponding values specified in Table 1). (B) Common eSCHIF (blue solid line) and confidence interval (shaded area) combined by meta-analysis. In panel B, all curves share the common counterfactual level represented by the lowest fifth percentile of the cohort-specific ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ exposure distributions across all cohorts (i.e., counterfactual level set to $3{.7\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$). Each cohort only contributed information over its concentration range. The thickness of the individual lines indicated the weights each cohort contributed to in the meta-analysis: Medicare (0.444), Swiss (0.213), CanCHEC (0.084), Norway (0.080), Belgian (0.067), Danish (0.049), Dutch (0.045), Rome (0.017). Note: BEL, Belgian (2001–2011); CAN, CanCHEC (1991–2016); CanCHEC, Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohorts; CI, confidence interval; CRF, concentration-response function; DAN, Danish (2000–2015); DUT, Dutch (2008–2012); ELAPSE, Effects of Low-Level Air Pollution: A Study in Europe; eSCHIF, extended shape-constrained health impact function; HR, hazard ratio; MED, Medicare (2000–2016); NOR, Norwegian (2001–2016); ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter $\le 2.5\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{m}$; ROM, Roman (2001–2015); SWI, Swiss (2001–2014).