Table 2. Young age as a risk factor for arm morbidity following breast cancer treatments.
| Disability | Author | N | Follow-up | Measure | Comparison/Comments | P-value | OR/RR/HR | CI (95%) | Type of evidence | Evidence level |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Persistent pain | Wang 2016 [25] | 11,030 | Median follow-up 12 months | VAS) | OR for every 10 years | OR = 1.36 | 1.24–1.48 | Systematic review and meta-analysis | 2A | |
| Miaskowski 2014 [23] | 398 | 6 months | ASQ and Postsurgical Pain Questionnaire | No pain Mild pain Moderate pain | <0.001 | Prospective longitudinal study | 2B | |||
| Poleshuck 2006 [26] | 95 | 3 months | NPRS | 0.004 | OR = 0.95 | 0.91–0.99 | Prospective study | 2B | ||
| Zararli 2009 [32] | 299 | AVS | Age <50 vs. >50 | 0.001 | RR = 2.493 | 1.532–4.058 | Prospective study | 2B | ||
| Lee 2016 [30] | 375 | Brief Pain Inventory and NPRS | Age <50 vs. >50 | 0.010 | OR = 2.44 | 1.24–4.79 | Prospective study | 2B | ||
| Lundstedt 2012 [31] | 1,027 | BC 3 to 20 years earlier | Based on Lundstedt questionnaire | Breast pain vs. no breast pain following radiation | RR = 0.96 | 0.94–0.98 | Two cohort studies data collection | 2B | ||
| Mejdahl 2013 [27] | 2,411 | 6 years | NPRS | With or without chronic pain | <0.001 | OR = 1.78 | 1.25–2.5 | Repeated cross-sectional study | 4 | |
| Kaur 2018 [28] | 215 | 3 months | VAS and Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory | <3/>3 Visual analog scale | 0.03 | Descriptive study | 4 | |||
| Meijuan 2013 [29] | 225 | - | McGill Pain Questionnaire and SF36 | <0.05 | Retrospective study | 4 | ||||
| Hamood 2018 [24] | 410 | 7.4 years | NPRS | With or without chronic pain | 0.002 | OR per one year = 0.96 | 0.94–0.99 | A cross-sectional study | 4 | |
| Functional disabilities | Zararli 2009 [32] | 299 | Physical examination | Age <50 vs. >50 | 0.048 | RR = 2.493 | 1.53–4.05 | Prospective study | 2B | |
| Khan 2012 [33] | 85 | Functional Independence Measure | <57 vs. >57 | 0.007 | Prospective study | 2B | ||||
| De Oliveira 2017 [34] | 101 | 12 months after surgery | The DASH questionnaire | <56 vs. 57< | 0.035 | 1.3–7.8 | Retrospective cross-sectional study | 4 | ||
| Lymphedema | Meeske 2009 [35] | 494 | 50 months after diagnosis | Self-report | Age 35–44, 45–54, 55–64 | OR per year of age = 0.96 | 0.93–0.99 | A case-control study | 4 | |
| Gärtner 2010 [36] | 3,253 | Self-report | Age 18–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69 | <0.001 | OR = 2.60 | 1.72–3.94 | cross-sectional study | 4 | ||
| Axillar web syndrome or cording | O’Toole 2013 [38] | 308 | 8 months | Perometer and the LEFT-BC questionnaire Cording by patient self-report | 0.005 | HR = 0.96 | 0.94–0.98 | Prospective study | 2B |
Abbreviations: N: number; CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio; HR: hazard ratio; RR: relative risk; BMI: body mass index; ALND: axillary lymph node dissection; sentinel lymph node biopsy; VAS: visual analog scale; ROM: range of motion, ASQ: shoulder symptoms questionnaire; NPRS numeric pain rating scale; RCT: randomize control trail.