Table 3.

Ordinary Least Squares Regression Models Estimating Mother-Reported Relationship Quality (N = 1,848)

Variable	Overall relationship quality			Supportiveness			Emotional abuse			Physical abuse
	β	SE		β	SE		β	SE		β	SE
Father recent incarceration	−0.14	0.18	**	−0.15	0.07	*	0.02	0.04		0.12	0.03	†
Father current incarceration	0.06	0.32		0.11	0.10	*	−0.05	0.05		−0.12	0.04	**
Race/ethnicitya
Non-Hispanic Black	−0.09	0.09	*	0.00	0.03		0.01	0.02		0.05	0.02
Hispanic	−0.02	0.09		0.03	0.03		−0.04	0.02		−0.05	0.01
Non-Hispanic other race	0.02	0.17		0.03	0.06		−0.04	0.04		−0.04	0.02
Mother and father mixed-race couple	−0.04	0.15		0.01	0.03		0.06	0.04		0.13	0.04	†
Mother immigrant	0.01	0.10		0.00	0.03		0.06	0.02	*	0.04	0.02
Mother age	−0.03	0.01		−0.02	0.00		0.04	0.00		0.04	0.00
Mother lived with both parents at 15	−0.04	0.08		−0.03	0.02		0.02	0.02		0.06	0.02
Relationship statusb
Cohabiting	−0.07	0.10	†	−0.03	0.04		0.09	0.02	*	0.06	0.02
Nonresidential romantic	−0.05	0.11		0.00	0.04		0.01	0.02		−0.01	0.02
No relationship	−0.07	0.19		−0.05	0.07		0.07	0.05		0.10	0.04
Relationship duration	0.01	0.01		−0.03	0.00		−0.08	0.00	**	−0.08	0.00	*
Mother and father have more children	0.02	0.08		−0.05	0.03		0.03	0.02		0.03	0.01
Relationship commitment	0.07	0.08		−0.03	0.03		−0.03	0.02		−0.05	0.01
Mother pro-marriage attitudes	−0.05	0.10		−0.02	0.04		0.09	0.02	*	0.10	0.02	*
Mother traditional attitudes	0.04	0.05		0.00	0.02		−0.02	0.01		−0.04	0.01
Mother gender distrust	−0.03	0.07		−0.05	0.02	†	0.04	0.01		0.03	0.01
Mother educationc
High school diploma or GED	−0.02	0.09		−0.04	0.04		0.03	0.02		0.00	0.02
More than high school	0.00	0.10		−0.04	0.04		0.01	0.02		−0.09	0.02	†
Mother employment	0.00	0.08		−0.02	0.03		0.02	0.02		0.01	0.01
Mother income-to-poverty ratio	−0.01	0.02		0.01	0.00		0.06	0.00		0.08	0.00
Mother depression	0.00	0.11		−0.04	0.05		0.02	0.03		0.00	0.02
Father depression	0.03	0.15		0.00	0.05		0.01	0.03		0.03	0.02
Mother parenting stress	0.01	0.05		−0.04	0.02		−0.02	0.01		−0.03	0.01
Father parenting stress	−0.01	0.05		0.06	0.02	†	−0.02	0.01		−0.03	0.01
Mother fair or poor health	−0.12	0.16	*	−0.05	0.04	†	0.10	0.04		0.14	0.04	†
Father fair or poor health	−0.01	0.10		−0.10	0.05	**	0.01	0.03		−0.03	0.02
Mother substance abuse	0.01	0.12		−0.05	0.05	†	0.07	0.03	†	0.08	0.03	†
Father substance abuse	−0.03	0.08		0.01	0.03		0.01	0.02		0.03	0.02
Mother reports domestic violence	0.01	0.18		−0.03	0.11		0.12	0.10		0.09	0.06
Father impulsivity	−0.03	0.05		−0.11	0.02	**	0.03	0.01		0.01	0.01
Father prior incarceration	−0.04	0.08		−0.02	0.03		0.12	0.02	**	0.11	0.01	**
Dependent variable (lagged)	0.39	0.04	***	0.39	0.04	***	0.34	0.05	***	0.09	0.06
Constant	3.11			1.97			0.26			0.81
R 2	.30			.27			.49			.17

Note. Data are from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Coefficients are standardized; robust standard errors are listed as well. All analyses weighted by the inverse probability of treatment (i.e., the probability of being in a relationship between the 3- and 5-year surveys).

^aReference category: non-Hispanic White.

^bReference category: married.

^cReference category: less than high school diploma.

^†p < .10.

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.

^***p < .001 (two-tailed tests).