Table 2.
Example locations where viruses have been observed through isolation or genomic studies
| Location | Condition | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Atmosphere | ||
| Droplets suspended in the atmosphere | N/A | Reche et al. (2018) |
| Air samples (Korea) | ~−4 to 20°C, ~4–15mb vapour pressure | Whon et al. (2012) |
| Freshwater sites | ||
| Lakes, rivers, wetlands (Ontario, Canada) | 3.5–18°C, pH 5.85–9.09 | Kyle and Ferris (2013) |
| Lake Ontario, Lake Erie (Great Lakes) | N/A | Mohiuddin and Schellhom (2015) |
| Acid mine drainages | ||
| Mine sites (Southern China) | N/A | Gao et al. (2022) |
| Sudbury Igneous Complex (Ontario, Canada) | 14°C, pH 2.45–4.00 | Kyle and Ferris (2013) |
| Permafrost-associated soils | ||
| Alaska Peatland Experiment (APEX) site | − 1.5°C | Trubl et al. (2021) |
| Stordalen Mire field site near Abisko, Sweden | 0–17°C, pH 3.4–6.2 | Trubl et al. (2018, 2019) |
| Permafrost thaw gradient (Sweden) | 0–17°C, pH 3.4–6.2 | Emerson et al. (2018) |
| Ice cores or cryoconite holes | ||
| Canadian Arctic ice core | −31 to −9°C, 4–6 psu salinity | Wells and Deming (2006a) |
| Arctic nepheloid layer | −12 to 8°C, 50 psu salinity, 200 atm | Wells and Deming (2006b) |
| Cryopeg brine, sea-ice brine, melted sea ice | N/A | Zhong et al. (2020) |
| Antarctic cryoconite holes | N/A | Sommers et al. (2019) |
| Soda Lakes/solar salterns | ||
| Mono Lake (CA, USA) | ~5–14°C, pH ~ 10, 70–85 psu salinity | Brum and Steward (2010) |
| Solar salterns and salt lakes (Sicily, Italy, Thailand, Israel, Slovenia, Spain) | Viruses grown under 37°C, pH 7.2, 30% w/v salt water | Atanasova et al. (2012) |
| Magadi and Shala Lakes | Viruses grown under 37°C, pH 9, 5% NaCl | van Zyl et al. (2016) |
| Great Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge (OK, USA) | Virus grown under 15–30°C, pH 6–9, 5–20% NaCl | Seaman and Day (2007) |
| Hot springs | ||
| Obama hot spring sediment (Japan) | 70–90°C, pH 6–9, 0–5.8% NaCl | Nagayoshi et al. (2016) |
| Hot Springs (Pozzuoi, Italy) | 87–93°C, pH 1.5 | Haring et al. (2005) |
| Yellowstone hot springs (USA) | Bear paw (74°C, pH 7.34); octopus (93°C, pH 8.14) | Schoenfeld et al. (2008) |
| Fumarole | ||
| Campi Flegrei volcano (Pozzuoli, Italy) | 81–96°C; pH 1–7 | Baquero et al. (2020) |
| Deep-sea sediments | ||
| Deep subsurface sediments of the Peru margin | ~318 mbsf | Engelhardt et al. (2013) |
| Subseafloor sediment continental shelf of Peru | 5–159 mbsf | Engelhardt et al. (2015) |
| Baltic Sea subseafloor sediments | 37.1–437.1 m depth below water | Cai et al. (2019) |
| Deep-sea hydrothermal vents | ||
| Wocan and Tianxiu hydrothermal fields | N/A | Cheng et al. (2022) |
| Guaymas Basin, Gulf of CA | 2000 m depth below water; virus isolate grown under 80°C, pH 6.3, 2% NaCl | Thiroux et al. (2021) |
| Other | ||
| Chemically harsh conditions | Virus survival in 5–9 M urea | Gupta et al. (1995) |
| Chemically harsh conditions | Virus survival in 99% acetonitrile | Olofsson et al. (2001) |
| Ice cubes | N/A | Jalava et al. (2019) |
This table provides examples, and it is not a comprehensive review of all locations where viruses have been observed/isolated. psu, practical salinity unit; mbsf, metres below sea floor.