Table 3.
Means of Covariates by Propensity Score Strata
| Variable | Stratum 1 | Stratum 2 | Stratum 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| p = [.00, .05) | p = [.05, .10) | p = [.10, .30) | |
| Mother race (b) | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 0.171 | 0.260 | 0.176 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.356 | 0.558 | 0.561 |
| Hispanic | 0.403 | 0.162 | 0.243 |
| Non-Hispanic other race | 0.069 | 0.020 | 0.020 |
| Mother and father a mixed-race couple (b) | 0.133 | 0.140 | 0.159 |
| Mother foreign-born (b) | 0.430 | 0.036 | 0.000 |
| Mother age (b) | 27.565 | 25.203 | 22.360 |
| Mother lived with both biological parents at age 15 (b) | 0.681 | 0.363 | 0.244 |
| Mother education (b) | |||
| Less than high school | 0.175 | 0.161 | 0.672 |
| High-school diploma or GED | 0.287 | 0.416 | 0.214 |
| Postsecondary education | 0.537 | 0.423 | 0.114 |
| Father education (b) | |||
| Less than high school | 0.252 | 0.249 | 0.465 |
| High-school diploma or GED | 0.296 | 0.424 | 0.401 |
| Postsecondary education | 0.453 | 0.327 | 0.135 |
| Mother in poverty (y1) | 0.271 | 0.357 | 0.622 |
| Mother material hardship (y1) | 0.722 | 1.136 | 1.576 |
| Mother employment (y1) | 0.783 | 0.631 | 0.251 |
| Father employment (y1) | 0.895 | 0.790 | 0.618 |
| Mother lives with child’s grandparent (y1) | 0.126 | 0.186 | 0.256 |
| Mother relationship with child’s father (y1) | |||
| Married | 0.534 | 0.265 | 0.096 |
| Cohabiting | 0.319 | 0.284 | 0.218 |
| Nonresidential romantic | 0.044 | 0.109 | 0.141 |
| Separated | 0.102 | 0.342 | 0.545 |
| Mother has new partner (y1) | 0.020 | 0.122 | 0.201 |
| Mother relationship quality (y1) | 3.836 | 3.260 | 2.752 |
| Mother number of children in household (y1) | 2.159 | 2.260 | 2.511 |
| Mother parenting stress (y1) | 2.098 | 2.140 | 2.294 |
| Mother depression (y1) | 0.057 | 0.126 | 0.278 |
| Child male (b) | 0.545 | 0.501 | 0.525 |
| Child born low birth weight (b) | 0.074 | 0.095 | 0.109 |
| Child temperament (y1) | 0.584 | 0.575 | 0.570 |
| Mother smoked during pregnancy (b) | 0.059 | 0.180 | 0.313 |
| Mother used drugs or drank alcohol during pregnancy (b) | 0.074 | 0.125 | 0.166 |
| Mother has substance abuse problem (y1) | 0.006 | 0.007 | 0.032 |
| Father has substance abuse problem (b, y1) | 0.084 | 0.163 | 0.304 |
| Mother impulsivity (y5) | 1.465 | 1.485 | 1.625 |
| Father impulsivity (y1) | 1.871 | 1.988 | 2.237 |
| Mother reports domestic violence (b, y1) | 0.036 | 0.051 | 0.144 |
| Mother previously incarcerated (b, y1) | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.018 |
| Father previously incarcerated (b, y1) | 0.043 | 0.275 | 0.684 |
| N | 811 | 1,239 | 958 |
Notes. Timing of measurement of all variables in parentheses (b = baseline interview, y1 = 1-year interview, y3 = 3-year interview, y5 = 5-year interview, y9 = 9-year interview). Mothers in stratum 1 have the lowest propensity for incarceration, and mothers in stratum 3 have the highest propensity for incarceration.