Table A1.

Descriptive Statistics of Variables Used in Analyses

Variable	Baseline Sample		Analytic Sample
	Mean	(SD)	Mean	(SD)
Mother incarceration (y3, y5, y9)	0.081		0.089
Mother race (b)
Non-Hispanic White	0.211		0.205
Non-Hispanic Black	0.476		0.504		*
Hispanic	0.273		0.258
Non-Hispanic other race	0.040		0.034
Mother and father a mixed-race couple (b)	0.149		0.144
Mother foreign-born (b)	0.170		0.135		***
Mother age (b)	25.278	(6.052)	24.997	(5.991)	*
Mother lived with both biological parents at age 15 (b)	0.433		0.411		†
Mother education (b)
Less than high school	0.347		0.331
High-school diploma or GED	0.303		0.317
Postsecondary education	0.350		0.352
Father education (b)
Less than high school	0.324		0.321
High-school diploma or GED	0.361		0.382		†
Postsecondary education	0.315		0.297		†
Mother in poverty (y1)	0.408		0.421
Mother material hardship (y1)	1.148	(1.649)	1.161	(1.629)
Mother employment (y1)	0.529		0.553		*
Father employment (y1)	0.786		0.764		*
Mother lives with child’s grandparent (y1)	0.188		0.190
Mother relationship with child’s father (y1)
Married	0.301		0.285
Cohabiting	0.273		0.277
Nonresidential romantic	0.098		0.101
Separated	0.328		0.338
Mother has new partner (y1)	0.113		0.119
Mother relationship quality (y1)	3.305	(1.412)	3.263	(1.412)
Mother number of children in household (y1)	2.305	(1.333)	2.326	(1.325)
Mother parenting stress (y1)	2.180	(0.675)	2.179	(0.673)
Mother depression (y1)	0.155		0.155
Child male (b)	0.524		0.520
Child born low birth weight (b)	0.102		0.093
Child temperament (y1)	0.568	(0.128)	0.567	(0.128)
Mother smoked during pregnancy (b)	0.195		0.191
Mother used drugs or drank alcohol during pregnancy (b)	0.136		0.123		†
Mother has substance abuse problem (y1)	0.018		0.014
Father has substance abuse problem (b, y1)	0.169		0.185		†
Mother impulsivity (y5)	1.531	(0.484)	1.526	(0.483)
Father impulsivity (y1)	1.987	(0.668)	2.034	(0.668)	**
Mother reports domestic violence (b, y1)	0.075		0.076
Mother previously incarcerated (b, y1)	0.009		0.007
Father previously incarcerated (b, y1)	0.298		0.328		**
N	4,897a		3,197

Notes. Timing of measurement of all variables in parentheses (b = baseline interview, y1 = 1-year interview, y3 = 3-year interview, y5 = 5-year interview, y9 = 9-year interview). Internalizing problem behaviors and externalizing problem behaviors reported by children’s caregivers. Early juvenile delinquency reported by children.

^aNs vary across baseline sample because of item nonresponse.

^†p < .10.

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.

^***p < .001