Table 4.
Distribution of maternal ACEs in the entire sample and stratified by substance use During pregnancy (n = 218)
| ACEs category | Substance use during pregnancy? | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total n = 218 n (%) |
No n = 33 n (%) | Yes n = 185 n (%) | ||
| Abuse (Any) | 97 (44.5) | 12 (36.4) | 85 (46.0) | 0.31 |
| Emotional | 59 (27.1) | 6 (18.2) | 53 (28.7) | 0.21 |
| Physical | 48 (22.0) | 5 (15.2) | 43 (23.2) | 0.30 |
| Sexual | 70 (32.1) | 9 (27.3) | 61 (33.0) | 0.52 |
| Neglect (Any) | 69 (31.2) | 6 (18.2) | 62 (33.5) | 0.08 |
| Emotional | 61 (28.0) | 5 (15.2) | 56 (30.3) | 0.07 |
| Physical | 28 (12.8) | 4 (12.1) | 24 (13.0) | 1.00 |
| Household challenges (any) | 187 (85.8) | 24 (72.7) | 163 (88.1) | 0.03 |
| Parental separation/divorce | 155 (71.1) | 15 (45.5) | 140 (75.7) | < 0.001* |
| Intimate partner violence | 69 (31.7) | 9 (27.3) | 60 (32.4) | 0.56 |
| Household substance abuse | 117 (53.7) | 16 (48.5) | 101 (54.6) | 0.52 |
| Mental illness in household | 98 (45.0) | 12 (36.4) | 86 (46.5) | 0.28 |
| Incarceration in household | 77 (35.3) | 14 (42.4) | 63 (34.1) | 0.35 |
| ACEs score (cut-point 4) | 0.50 | |||
| < 4 ACEs | 107 (49.1) | 18 (54.6) | 89 (48.1) | |
| ≥ 4 ACEs | 111 (50.9) | 15 (45.5) | 96 (51.9) | |
| Total ACEs score** mean (SD) | 3.6 (2.6) | 2.9 (2.5) | 3.7 (2.6) | 0.09 |
| Total ACEs score** range | 0–10 | 0–9 | 0–10 | – |
ACE adverse childhood experience, SD standard deviation
*Statistically significant, **Score range: 1–10