Table 1.
Basic characteristics of the study population
| Medical history | Overall group n = 346 |
No VFs under DT n = 193 |
VFs under DT n = 153 |
p-value | BDD under DT n = 139 |
BDI under DT n = 207 |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Follow-up (d). M ± SD | 1384 ± 728 | 1521 ± 722 | 1212 ± 700 | – | 1333 ± 730 | 1419 ± 726 | – |
| Follow-up (d) (min.–max.) | 59–3681 | 59–3681 | 92–3569 | – | 92–3681 | 59–3569 | – |
| Age (years) | 68.5 (59.6–75.3) | 65.0 (58.7–73.7) | 72.8 (62.8–76.9) | < 0.001M | 67.8 (59.9–74.3) | 69.0 (59.5–76.1) | 0.563M |
| Gender (m/w) | 70/276 (20.2%/79.8%) | 28/165 (14.5%/85.5%) | 42/111 (27.5%/72.5%) | 0.003C | 29/110 (20.9%/79.1%) | 41/166 (19.8%/80.2%) | 0.810C |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.0 (23.0–28.0) | 24.4 (22.5–27.0) | 26.1 (23.2–29.3) | < 0.001M | 25.6 (23.0–28.0) | 24.9 (22.9–28.0) | 0.390M |
| Abdominal girth (cm) | 98.0 (96.8–100.0) | 98.0 (95.0–98.0) | 98.0 (98.0–102.0) | 0.008M | 98.0 (97.0–101.0) | 98.0 (96.0–98.0) | 0.441M |
| Basal metabolic rate (kcal) | 1435 (1339–1459) | 1435 (1333–1445) | 1435 (1356–1488) | 0.083M | 1435 (1336–1482) | 1435 (1339–1445) | 0.626M |
| Drug therapy for OP | |||||||
| Bisphosphonates | 195 (56.4%) | 126 (65.3%) | 69 (45.1%) | – | 75 (54.0%) | 120 (58.0%) | – |
| Teriparatide | 8 (2.3%) | 6 (3.1%) | 2 (1.3%) | 3 (2.2%) | 5 (2.4%) | ||
| Denosumab | 26 (7.5%) | 15 (7.8%) | 11 (7.2%) | 11 (7.9%) | 15 (7.2%) | ||
| Height difference (cm) | 3.7 (1.8–6.0) | 3.0 (1.4–4.5) | 4.7 (2.0–8.0) | 0.001M | 3.9 (1.7–6.5) | 3.5 (1.8–5.5) | 0.367M |
| Peripheral fractures | 212 (61.3%) | 115 (59.6%) | 97 (63.4%) | 0.470C | 80 (57.6%) | 132 (63.8%) | 0.245C |
| Vertebral fractures | 162 (46.8%) | 9 (4.7%) | 153 (100%) | < 0.001C | 89 (64.0%) | 73 (35.3%) | < 0.001C |
| Fir tree phenomenon | 62 (17.9%) | 14 (7.3%) | 48 (31.4%) | < 0.001C | 29 (20.9%) | 33 (15.9%) | 0.242C |
| Marked thoracic kyphosis | 117 (33.8%) | 46 (23.8%) | 71 (46.4%) | < 0.001C | 50 (36.0%) | 67 (32.4%) | 0.487C |
| Pain (NRS 0–10) | 0 (0–4) | 0 (0–4) | 0 (0–4.5) | 0.870M | 0 (0–5) | 0 (0–2) | 0.026M |
| Pain-free walking time (min) | 30 (20–60) | 60 (30–120) | 30 (20–60) | 0.004M | 30 (20–90) | 30 (20–60) | 0.742M |
| Pain-free standing time (min) | 30 (15–30) | 30 (30–30) | 30 (10–30) | 0.005M | 30 (15–30) | 30 (15–30) | 0.864M |
| SPPB (points) | 8.0 (4.0–12.0) | 9.0 (4.5–12.0) | 8 (1–12) | 0.012M | 8 (4–12) | 8 (4–12) | 0.802M |
| Regular intake of calcium (mg) | 700 (450–1000) | 800 (450–1000) | 700 (450–1000) | 0.890M | 700 (450–950) | 800 (500–1000) | 0.230M |
| Cachectic phases of life | 51 (14.7%) | 20 (10.4%) | 31 (20.3%) | 0.010C | 12 (8.6%) | 39 (18.8%) | 0.009C |
| Daily consumption of alcohol | 24 (6.9%) | 10 (5.2%) | 14 (9.2%) | 0.149C | 9 (6.5%) | 15 (7.2%) | 0.782C |
| Smoking | 18 (5.2%) | 9 (4.7%) | 9 (5.9%) | 0.612C | 8 (5.8%) | 10 (4.8%) | 0.704C |
| Lifting and carrying objects regularly | 323 (93.4%) | 185 (95.9%) | 138 (90.2%) | 0.036C | 129 (92.8%) | 194 (93.7%) | 0.738C |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Osteoarthritis of the hip or knee | 75 (21.7%) | 37 (19.2%) | 38 (24.8%) | 0.204C | 37 (26.6%) | 38 (18.4%) | 0.067C |
| Fibromyalgia syndrome | 6 (1.7%) | 3 (1.6%) | 3 (2.0%) | 0.774C | 0 (0%) | 6 (2.9%) | 0.043C |
| Osteoarthritis of the spine | 7 (2.0%) | 6 (3.1%) | 1 (0.7%) | 0.107C | 3 (2.2%) | 4 (1.9%) | 0.884C |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 26 (7.5%) | 13 (6.7%) | 13 (8.5%) | 0.537C | 13 (9.4%) | 13 (6.3%) | 0.288C |
| Chronic regional pain syndrome | 3 (0.9%) | 3 (1.6%) | 0 (0%) | 0.121C | 0 (0%) | 3 (1.4%) | 0.154C |
| Psoriatic arthritis | 4 (1.2%) | 2 (1.0%) | 2 (1.3%) | 0.915C | 0 (0%) | 4 (1.9%) | 0.099C |
| Arterial hypertension | 157 (45.4%) | 85 (44%) | 72 (47.1%) | 0.576C | 65 (46.8%) | 92 (44.4%) | 0.671C |
| Diabetes mellitus | 85 (24.6%) | 45 (23.3%) | 40 (26.1%) | 0.544C | 37 (26.6%) | 48 (23.2%) | 0.467C |
| Hyperlipoproteinemia | 60 (17.3%) | 38 (19.7%) | 22 (14.4%) | 0.195C | 27 (19.4%) | 33 (15.9%) | 0.402C |
| Hyperuricemia | 20 (5.8%) | 11 (5.7%) | 9 (5.9%) | 0.942C | 9 (6.5%) | 11 (5.3%) | 0.650C |
| Renal failure | 32 (9.2%) | 16 (8.3%) | 16 (10.5%) | 0.489C | 15 (10.8%) | 17 (8.2%) | 0.417C |
| Hyperparathyroidism | 31 (9.0%) | 19 (9.8%) | 12 (7.8%) | 0.517C | 13 (9.4%) | 18 (8.7%) | 0.834C |
| Cerebral stroke | 7 (2.0%) | 3 (1.6%) | 4 (2.6%) | 0.487C | 3 (2.2%) | 4 (1.9%) | 0.884C |
| Temporal arteritis | 2 (0.6%) | 1 (0.5%) | 1 (0.7%) | 0.869C | 1 (0.7%) | 1 (0.7%) | 0.776C |
| Coronary heart disease | 28 (8.1%) | 12 (6.2%) | 16 (10.5%) | 0.151C | 13 (9.4%) | 15 (7.2%) | 0.481C |
| Atrial fibrillation | 25 (7.2%) | 12 (6.2%) | 13 (8.5%) | 0.416C | 11 (7.9%) | 14 (6.8%) | 0.685C |
| Hypothyroidism | 19 (5.5%) | 11 (5.7%) | 8 (5.2%) | 0.849C | 10 (7.2%) | 9 (4.3%) | 0.255C |
| Hyperthyroidism | 9 (2.6%) | 7 (3.6%) | 2 (1.3%) | 0.178C | 2 (1.4%) | 7 (3.4%) | 0.266C |
| Bronchial asthma | 16 (4.6%) | 9 (4.7%) | 7 (4.6%) | 0.969C | 7 (5.0%) | 9 (4.3%) | 0.765C |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 17 (4.9%) | 9 (4.7%) | 8 (5.2%) | 0.809C | 7 (5.0%) | 10 (4.8%) | 0.931C |
| Peripheral arterial occlusive disease | 2 (0.6%) | 1 (0.5%) | 1 (0.7%) | 0.869C | 1 (0.7%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0.776C |
| Hepatitis | 3 (0.9%) | 1 (0.5%) | 2 (1.3%) | 0.432C | 2 (1.4%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0.347C |
| Irritable bowel syndrome | 3 (0.9%) | 3 (1.6%) | 0 (0%) | 0.121C | 1 (0.7%) | 2 (1.0%) | 0.808C |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease | 9 (2.6%) | 6 (3.1%) | 3 (2.0%) | 0.505C | 4 (2.9%) | 5 (2.4%) | 0.791C |
| Malignant disease | 65 (18.8%) | 38 (19.7%) | 27 (17.6%) | 0.629C | 22 (15.8%) | 43 (20.8%) | 0.248C |
| Depression | 48 (13.9%) | 19 (9.8%) | 29 (19.0%) | 0.015C | 10 (13.7%) | 29 (14.0%) | 0.928C |
| Epilepsy | 8 (2.3%) | 5 (2.6%) | 3 (2.0%) | 0.699C | 3 (2.2%) | 5 (2.4%) | 0.876C |
Data are expressed in numbers (n) and percentages (%) of the group, mean value ± standard deviation (M ± SD) and medians with the 1st and the 3rd quartiles (QI–QIII), χ2-testC, Mann-Whitney U testM. Significant results are highlighted in bold print.
min.–max. minimum–maximum, d days, BDD bone density decrease, BDI bone density increase, DOP drug treatment for osteoporosis, VFs vertebral fractures, LS lumbar spine, NRS numeric rating scale, SPPB short physical performance battery