Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the cohort, according to the occurrence of disseminate intravascular coagulation
| Characteristics | Total (n = 350) | Patients with DIC (n = 129) | Patients without DIC (n = 221) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean ± sd | 67 ± 14 | 66 ± 15 | 68 ± 13 | 0.115 |
| Med [IQR] | 69 [60–77] | 68 [57–77] | 70 [60–77] | 0.179 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 227 (64.9) | 76 (58.9) | 151 (68.3) | 0.075 |
| SAPS II (points), mean ± sd | 61 ± 19 | 64 ± 20 | 59 ± 18 | 0.011 |
| Med [IQR] | 58 [48–73] | 64 [49–78] | 56 [47–69] | 0.010 |
| SOFA (points), mean ± sd | 11 ± 3 | 13 ± 3 | 10 ± 3 | < 0.001 |
| Med [IQR] | 11 [9–13] | 13 [10–15] | 9 [8–12] | < 0.001 |
| Preexisting conditions, n (%) | ||||
| Chronic hypertension | 206 (58.9) | 67 (51.9) | 139 (62.9) | 0.044 |
| Diabetes | 103 (29.4) | 28 (21.7) | 75 (33.9) | 0.015 |
| Chronic heart failure | 23 (6.6) | 9 (7.0) | 14 (6.3) | 0.815 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 27 (7.7) | 7 (5.4) | 20 (9.0) | 0.220 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 49 (14.0) | 9 (7.0) | 40 (18.1) | 0.004 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 14 (4.0) | 11 (8.5) | 3 (1.4) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 65 (18.6) | 16 (12.4) | 49 (22.2) | 0.023 |
| Cancer | 65 (18.6) | 18 (13.9) | 47 (21.3) | 0.090 |
| Charlson index, mean ± sd | 2.6 ± 3.0 | 2.7 ± 2.9 | 2.6 ± 2.9 | 0.847 |
| Med [IQR] | 1 [0–4] | 2 [1–4] | 2 [1–4] | 0.227 |
| Basal serum creatinine (µmol/L), mean ± sd | 83.3 ± 35.8 | 77.6 ± 24.9 | 87.5 ± 40.5 | 0.013 |
| Med [IQR] | 76 [62–93] | 75 [61–91] | 78.2 [63–95] | 0.137 |
| Back calculated, n (%) | 106 (30.3) | 47 (36.4) | 59 (26.7) | 0.056 |
| Infection, n (%) | ||||
| Source of infection | ||||
| Lung | 123 (35.1) | 41 (31.8) | 82 (37.1) | 0.314 |
| Abdominal | 53 (15.1) | 25 (19.4) | 28 (12.7) | 0.091 |
| Urinary tract | 72 (20.6) | 27 (20.9) | 45 (20.4) | 0.899 |
| Bloodstream infection | 90 (25.7) | 38 (29.5) | 52 (23.5) | 0.221 |
| Other/unknown | 90 (25.7) | 28 (21.7) | 62 (28.1) | 0.190 |
| Nosocomial infection | 31 (8.9) | 9 (7.0) | 22 (10.0) | 0.344 |
| Immunosuppression | 39 (11.1) | 13 (10.1) | 26 (11.8) | 0.628 |
| Involved bacteria | ||||
| Cocci gram positive | 122 (34.9) | 40 (31.0) | 82 (37.1) | 0.248 |
| Bacillus gram negative | 156 (44.6) | 64 (49.6) | 92 (41.6) | 0.147 |
| Other/unknown | 72 (20.6) | 25 (19.4) | 47 (21.3) | 0.673 |
| Organ-support at inclusion | ||||
| Norepinephrine, n (%) | 346 (98.9) | 126 (97.7) | 220 (99.5) | 0.112 |
| Epinephrine, n (%) | 36 (10.3) | 18 (14.0) | 18 (8.1) | 0.084 |
| Dobutamine, n (%) | 66 (18.9) | 26 (20.2) | 40 (18.1) | 0.635 |
| Norepinephrine highest dosea (µg/kg/min), mean ± sd | 1.0 ± 1.0 | 1.3 ± 1.4 | 0.8 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 |
| Med [IQR] | 0.6 [0.3–1.2] | 0.9 [0.4–1.9] | 0.5 [0.3–0.9] | < 0.001 |
| Fluid therapy before inclusion (liters), mean ± sd | 0.8 ± 1.0 | 0.9 ± 0.9 | 0.8 ± 1.0 | 0.330 |
| Med [IQR] | 0.5 [0–1.3] | 0.8 [0–1.5] | 0.4 [0–1.0] | 0.102 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 306 (87.4) | 120 (93.0) | 186 (84.2) | 0.016 |
| Mean diuresis at day 1 (mL/kg/h), mean ± sd | 0.7 ± 0.8 | 0.7 ± 0.8 | 0.8 ± 0.8 | 0.294 |
| Med [IQR] | 0.5 [0.2–1] | 0.5 [0.2–0.9] | 0.5 [0.2–1.1] | 0.283 |
Bolditalic characters were proposed to illustrate values who reached statistical significancy, i.e. p < 0.05
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (sd), or median (Med) with interquartile range (IQR) for quantitative variables and as number and percentages for qualitative variables [n (%)]. The Chi-square test was used for qualitative data. Quantitative data were compared by t-test for mean comparison and Mann–Whitney test for median comparison
DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulation; SAPS II, Simplified Acute Physiologic Score II; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment
aNorepinephrine highest dose was collected during the first 24 h after the beginning of infusion