Table 2.

Demographic and clinical correlates of seclusion and physical restraint in non-eating disorder sample and eating disorder sample

Variable	Seclusion in non-ED sample (n = 427) n (%)	p	Seclusion in ED sample (n = 72) n (%)	p	PR in non-ED sample (n = 472) n (%)	p	PR in ED sample (n = 72) n (%)	p
Age:
5–11	0 (0)	0.658a	1 (33.3)	0.666a	2 (22.2)	0.444a	2 (66.7)	0.368a
12–15	9 (4.7)		3 (7.1)		24 (12.5)		17 (40.5)
16–18	16 (7.1)		0		35 (15.5)		8 (29.6)
Gender:
Male	14 (7.9)	0.128	0	0.745a	27 (15.3)	0.630	1 (20.0)	0.644a
Female	11 (4.4)		4 (6.0)		34 (13.6)		26 (38.8)
Ethnicity:
White Irish	18 (5.2)	0.286a	4 (6.3)	0.618a	47 (13.5)	0.362	26 (40.6)	0.244a
All other	7 (8.8)		0		14 (17.5)		1 (12.5)
Occupation
Student	20 (5.0)	0.036a*	4 (5.6)	n/a	54 (13.6)	0.141	27 (37.5)	n/a
Training/employed	0 (0)		n/a		0 (0)		n/a
Unemployed	5 (20.0)		n/a		7 (28.0)		n/a
Order of admission
First admission	13 (4.2)	0.037*	3 (5.2)	1.0	36 (11.8)	0.018*	20 (34.5)	0.282
Previous hospitalisation	12 (9.9)		1 (7.1)		25 (20.7)		7 (50.0)
Legal status on admission
Voluntary	20 (5.1)	0.039a*	4 (6.1)	1.0	50 (12.7)	0.004a*	22 (33.3)	0.025a*
Involuntary	5 (14.7)		0		11 (32.4)		5 (83.3)
LOS
< 30 days	15 (5.2)	0.002a*	0	0.429	25 (8.7)	< 0.001a*	3 (37.5)	0.351a
30–120 days	5 (4.0)		1 (2.7)		26 (20.8)		11 (29.7)
> 120 days	5 (33.3)		3 (11.1)		10 (66.7)		13 (48.1)
Year of admission
2018	4 (6.8)	0.827a	0	0.220a	7 (11.9)	0.749	1 (10.0)	0.044a*
2019	5 (4.2)		3 (15.8)		20 (14.8)		10 (52.6)
2020	8 (6.6)		0		18 (12.6)		9 (52.9)
2021	8 (6.3)		1 (3.8)		16 (14.3)		7 (26.9)

p values were calculated using Pearson chi-squared tests

^*p value < 0.05

^aIf the expected counts were less than 5, then Fisher’s exact test of independence was used to calculate p value