Table 1.

Application of Large Language Models (LLMs) and ChatGPT in orthopedics

Sl. No	Al tool used	Features	Category	Reference
1	ChatGPT	Helps in multiple aspects of spinal surgery, including precisely supporting surgeons, and with the aftercare of patients undergoing endoscopic spinal surgery due to lumbar disc herniation	Surgery	[44]
2	ChatGPT	Generates DL models for medical images to correctly detect bone metastases within the bone scans of numerous patients with cancer	Diagnosis	[45]
3	Deep neural network (AI) model	Used to diagnose bone metastasis; its evaluation is similar to that of human physicians	Diagnosis	[46]
4	AI-chatbot (ChatGPT)	Used to track activities, evaluate diagnostic images, predict the risk of injury, etc.	Diagnosis	[47]
5	ChatGPT	Applied to assess the section 1 of the fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons (Trauma & Orthopedics) examination. It justified the role of ChatGPT in medical service provision and education	Education	[48]
6	ChatGPT	Assists orthopedic practitioners by providing rapid access to large amounts of medical information, research papers, and accurate treatment guidelines. Additionally, it supports clinicians in making correct diagnoses, choosing suitable treatment options, and developing personalized care plans for patients	Research	[49]
7	ChatGPT	Provides support for queries related to total knee arthroplasty and total hip arthroplasty by question type and topic to provide credible information	Surgery	[50]
8	LLMs and ChatGPT	Used to investigate the orthopedic surgery board examination (American Board) by challenging performance and knowledge that are equivalent to that of a first-year orthopedic surgery resident	Education	[51]