Table 3.
Cox proportional hazards model for frailty and all-cause mortality.
| Variables | All-cause mortality | |
|---|---|---|
| Adjusted HR | 95% CI | |
| Frailty | ||
| Low risk | 1.00 | – |
| Moderate risk | 1.52 | (1.37–1.69) |
| Severe risk | 3.10 | (2.55–3.77) |
| Gender | ||
| Male | 1.59 | (1.40–1.81) |
| Female | 1.00 | – |
| Age | ||
| 65–69 | 1.00 | – |
| 70–74 | 1.74 | (1.47–2.06) |
| 75–79 | 2.87 | (2.42–3.40) |
| 80–84 | 4.34 | (3.64–5.18) |
| 85 ≤ | 8.75 | (7.27–10.53) |
| Region | ||
| Urban | 1.00 | – |
| Rural | 0.96 | (0.88–1.06) |
| Education level | ||
| Lower than middle school | 1.09 | (0.89–1.34) |
| Middle school graduate | 0.96 | (0.76–1.22) |
| High school graduate | 0.86 | (0.68–1.08) |
| University graduate | 1.00 | – |
| Income level | ||
| Low | 0.99 | (0.85–1.15) |
| Middle low | 0.88 | (0.74–1.05) |
| Middle high | 1.00 | (0.84–1.20) |
| High | 1.00 | – |
| Economic activity | ||
| Active | 1.00 | – |
| Inactive | 1.19 | (1.05–1.36) |
| Medical coverage type | ||
| National health insurance | 0.99 | (0.84–1.16) |
| Medical aid | 1.00 | – |
| Private insurance | ||
| No | 1.00 | – |
| Yes | 0.79 | (0.63–1.00) |
| Smoking | ||
| Current | 1.79 | (1.57–2.04) |
| Past | 1.41 | (1.23–1.60) |
| Never | 1.00 | – |
| Drinking | ||
| Current | 0.86 | (0.76–0.97) |
| Past | 0.98 | (0.86–1.11) |
| Never | 1.00 | – |
| Depression | ||
| No | 1.00 | – |
| Yes | 1.05 | (0.96–1.16) |
| Participation in social activities | ||
| No | 1.00 | – |
| Yes | 0.79 | (0.72–0.86) |
| Hypertension | ||
| No | 1.00 | – |
| Yes | 0.93 | (0.85–1.02) |
| Diabetes | ||
| No | 1.00 | – |
| Yes | 1.29 | (1.17–1.43) |
| Cancer | ||
| No | 1.00 | – |
| Yes | 1.66 | (1.41–1.95) |
| Lung disease | ||
| No | 1.00 | – |
| Yes | 1.41 | (1.18–1.69) |
| Liver disease | ||
| No | 1.00 | – |
| Yes | 1.98 | (1.57–2.49) |
| Cardiovascular disease | ||
| No | 1.00 | – |
| Yes | 0.98 | (0.85–1.12) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | ||
| No | 1.00 | – |
| Yes | 1.30 | (1.12–1.51) |
| Psychiatric disease | ||
| No | 1.00 | – |
| Yes | 1.19 | (0.97–1.47) |
| Arthritis/rheumatism | ||
| No | 1.00 | – |
| Yes | 0.84 | (0.77–0.93) |