Table 4.

Results of GLMM for frailty on healthcare costs and utilization.

Variables	Frailty
	Low risk	Moderate risk			Severe risk
	β	β	SE	P-value	β	SE	P-value
Cost (in ₩)
Total cost	Ref	145,487	39,320	0.0002	1,151,781	96,762	< .0001
Inpatient cost	Ref	141,135	37,402	0.0002	1,118,227	92,207	< .0001
Outpatient cost	Ref	3584	9973	0.7193	31,926	24,549	0.1935
Utilization
Inpatient use	Ref	0.066	0.011	< .0001	0.279	0.027	< .0001
Length of stay	Ref	3.312	0.614	< .0001	31.952	1.496	< .0001
Outpatient use	Ref	1.479	0.446	0.001	−0.536	1.080	0.620
Cost per utilization (in ₩)
Inpatient use	Ref	99,682	31,234	0.0014	732,153	77,276	< .0001
Outpatient use	Ref	200	1255	0.8734	6137	3043	0.0437

*Adjusted for all covariates.