Table 1.

Thermophysical properties of the base fluid and solid particles (see^57,58).

Base fluid/nanoparticles	cp [Jkg−1K−1]	ρ [kgm−3]	k [Wm−1K−1]	μ [kgm−1s−1]	β × 10−5 [K−1]	σ [Sm−1]	Pr
H2O	4179	997.1	0.613	0.001003	21	5.5 × 10−6	6.8377
Cu	385	8933	400	–	1.67	5.96 × 107	–