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. 2023 Dec 1;13:21246. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-48525-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Pharmacokinetic profiles of HMPA and RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis of the liver following HMPA administration. (A) After oral administration of HMPA (0.1 and 0.5 g/kg bodyweight, respectively), HMPA and HMCA contents in the liver, portal vein, plasma, and urine samples were determined at 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 min after administration (n = 4). (B) Top canonical pathways by functional enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes. P-values were adjusted based on the false discovery rate (FDR). (C) Gene networks including Upstream Regulator Analysis and Molecule Activity Predictor. Activation state of individual genes predicted by the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis with downstream predicted activation of protein kinase A (PKA) signaling. All data are presented as the mean ± standard error of mean. BW, bodyweight; p.o., per os.