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. 2023 Dec 1;13:21246. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-48525-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Metabolic parameter changes in HMCA-supplemented HFD-fed mice during antibiotic treatment. (A) After the oral administration of HMPA (left) or HMCA (right) (0.1 and 0.5 g/kg bodyweight, respectively), HMPA and HMCA contents in the cecum were determined (n = 4). (B) For 5 weeks, antibiotics-treated C57BL/6J wild-type male mice were fed HFD containing 1% HMCA. Bodyweight gain during HMCA treatment (n = 6 per group). (C) Mass of the liver, WAT, BAT, and cecum (n = 6 per group). (D) Blood glucose level (n = 6 per group). (E) Hepatic TG contents (n = 6 per group). (F) Relative mRNA expressions involved in lipid metabolism in the liver of HFD control mice and HMCA-supplemented HFD-fed mice (n = 6 per group). The results are presented as the fold change in mRNA expression relative to the HFD control, with a value of 1 assigned to the control group. To compare the mRNA expression levels across different samples, the copy numbers of all transcripts were normalized to the expression levels of 18S mRNA as an internal control. All data are presented as the mean ± standard error of mean. BW, bodyweight; HFD, high-fat diet; WAT, white adipose tissue; Epi, epididymal white adipose tissue; peri, perirenal white adipose tissue; sub, subcutaneous white adipose tissue; BAT, brown adipose tissue; TG, triglyceride; Abx, antibiotics.