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. 2023 Aug 7;44(12):2358–2375. doi: 10.1038/s41401-023-01123-5

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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Pharmacological Society 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

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Fig. 1 — (1) 16–18 leucine-rich repeats, which are hydrophobic leucines concentrated in the extracellular region, and their role is to recognize receptors and can bind to other co-receptors to form the corresponding receptor complexes. (2) The cysteine region, known as the transmembrane region, controls the subcellular location of TLRs. (3) The cytoplasmic area of TLRs and the cytoplasm of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor family are strikingly similar in the toll-IL-1 receptor domain (TIR domain).