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. 2023 Aug 7;44(12):2358–2375. doi: 10.1038/s41401-023-01123-5

Fig. 2. TLR-related signaling pathways.

Fig. 2

MyD88 interacts with IRAK4, which then transmits signals to NF-κB and MAPK in response to TLR activation, a pathway dependent on MyD88 that activates the expression of inflammatory cytokines. TLRs on endosomes transmit signals via a TRIF-dependent pathway. TRIF, TRAF6 and IRAK1/2/4 act together to activate TAK1; alternatively, TRIF acts together with non-classical TBK1 and IKKε to activate IRF3/7 which in turn induce inflammatory cytokines. Abbreviations: IKKε, I-κB kinase ε; IRAK1/2/4, interleukin 1 Receptor Associated Kinase 1/2/4; IRF3/7 interferon regulatory factor 3/7; MAPK, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; MyD88, myeloid differentiation factor 88; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; TAB1/2, TGF-beta Activated Kinase 1 Binding Protein 1/2; TAK1, transforming growth factor activating kinase-1; TBK1, TANK-binding kinase 1; TLRs, toll-like receptors; TRAF6, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6; TRIF, toll receptor-associated interferon activator.