Table 2.
Drugs for AS associated with TLR signaling pathways.
| Drugs | Effect on TLR signaling pathways | Mechanism of actions | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Atorvastatin | Inhibits TLR4 | Reduces levels of miRNA-146a/b, IRAK1 mRNA, TRAF6 mRNA, and TLR4 mRNA | Kong et al. [195] |
| Simvastatin | Inhibits TLR2 and TLR4 | Reduces TLR4 and TLR2 membrane expression on monocytes and cytokine production (IL-6 and IL-1β). | Koike et al. [196] |
| Fluvastatin | Inhibits TLR2 and TLR4 | Reduces TLR expression and limits this process dramatically | Kapelouzou et al. [168] |
| 7-Deacetyl-gedunin | Inhibits LPS/TLR4 signaling | Inhibits expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (iNOS, TNF-α, IL- 1β) | Chen et al. [197] |
| Phenethyl | Inhibits TLR3 signaling | Reduces LPS-induced inflammation and downregulates pro-inflammatory protein expression (TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2, iNOS). | Cong et al. [111] |
| Resiquimod | Activates TLR7 signaling [184] | Attenuates pulmonary inflammation | Nadeem et al. [198] |
| Sulforaphane | Inhibits TLR3-mediated NF-κB signaling | Neutralizes neuroinflammation (regulates NO, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α and inhibits phosporylation of MAPKs) | Mohan et al. [199] |
| CQ, HCQ | Block TLR7/8/9 | Relieve endothelial dysfunction | Gomez-Guzman et al. [200] |
| SMU-CX24 | Inhibits TLR3 | Suppression of TLR3 expression and decrease in inflammatory infiltration in atherosclerotic lesions | Chen et al. [147] |
| Valsartan | Blocks TLR4 | Reduces the release of proinflammatory cytokines and infarct size | El-Salamouni et al. [201] |
| Candesartan | Inhibits TLR2/4 | Suppresses Pam3CSK4 and LPS induced TLR2 and TLR4 activation | Atwa et al. [202] |
| T2.5 | Inhibits TLR2 | Inhibits the recruitment and inflammation of macrophages in the heart | Wang et al. [158] |
| NI-0101 | Inhibits TLR4 | Inhibits TLR4 signaling by blocking TLR4 dimerization | Monnet et al. [161] |
| miR-146a | Inhibits TLR4 | Impedes the translation of TRAF6 and IRAK1, which are both located downstream of the TLR4 signal. | Pan et al. [152] |
| HDL-like NP | Inhibits TLR4 | Inhibits LPS induced NF-κB signaling | Foit et al. [155] |
| Peptide-GNP hybrid | Inhibits TLR2/3/4/5 | Inhibits both NF-κB and IRF pathways | Yang et al. [156] |
| P12 | Inhibits TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 and TLR5 | Corrects LPS-induced gene expressions, reduces future pro-inflammatory cytokine production (IL-12p40, MCP-1, and IFN-γ), and elevates the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1RA | Gao et al. [143] |
| alirocumab | Inhibits PCSK9 | Reduces endothelial expression of ICAM-1 and Ly6Chi monocytes | Hoogeveen et al. [169] |
| canakinumab | anti-IL-1β | Reduces LPS-induced endothelium activation in vitro by inhibiting NF-κB transcriptional activity. | Ridker et al. [175] |