Table 3.
Clinical characteristics and medications of patients on admission in the HFpEF, HFmrEF, and HFrEF group (the Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn post hoc test)
| Parameters | HFpEF | HFmrEF | HFrEF | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All patients, N (%) | 30 (26.55) | 53 (46.90) | 30 (26.55) | |
| Parameters on admission | ||||
| HR (bpm) | 69 (61–76) | 70 (65–80) | 71 (65–80) | 0.13 |
| Width of the QRS complex (ms) | 85 (82–98) | 100 (87–125) | 114 (96–156) | < 0.001 |
| QTcBAz (ms) | 426 (412–437) | 447.50 (431–480) | 444.50 (433–484) | < 0.001 |
| NYHA class | 0.10 | |||
| I | 1 (3.33) | 3 (5.66) | 5 (16.67) | 0.10 |
| II | 21 (70) | 33 (62.26) | 11 (36.67) | 0.10 |
| III | 8 (26.67) | 16 (30.19) | 14 (46.67) | 0.10 |
| IV | 0 | 1 (1.89) | 0 | 0.10 |
| Lung congestion, N (%) | 2 (6.67) | 5 (9.43) | 8 (26.67) | 0.04 |
| Edema, N (%) | 7 (23.33) | 8 (15.09) | 6 (20) | 0.63 |
| 6MWT distance (m) | 382.80 (271–449.20) | 341.70 (289.50–422.10) | 375.40 (311.60–457) | 0.44 |
| KCCQ score (point) | 71.90 (59.10–83.30) | 67.80 (43.20–79.40) | 71.10 (53.10–86.50) | 0.43 |
| HF history | ||||
| AHF de novo, N (%) | 10 (33.33) | 6 (11.32) | 3 (10) | 0.02 |
| Rehospitalization in the last 12 months, N (%) | 3 (10) | 20 (39.22) | 15 (50) | < 0.001 |
| Ischemic etiology, N (%) | 11 (36.67) | 23 (43.40) | 15 (50) | 0.58 |
| Non-ischemic etiology, N (%) | 19 (63.33) | 30 (56.60) | 15 (50) | 0.58 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| PCI, N (%) | 10 (33.33) | 14 (26.42) | 10 (33.33) | 0.73 |
| CABG, N (%) | 1 (3.33) | 3 (5.66) | 3 (10.0) | 0.55 |
| ICD, N (%) | 0 | 0 | 4 (13.33) | < 0.001 |
| CRT, N (%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (3.33) | 0.25 |
| Pacemaker, N (%) | 0 | 3 (5.66) | 1 (3.33) | 0.41 |
| Atrial fibrillation, N (%) | 7 (23.33) | 18 (33.96) | 8 (26.67) | 0.56 |
| Coronary artery disease, N (%) | 14 (46.67) | 22 (41.51) | 17 (56.67) | 0.41 |
| Mitral regurgitation, N (%) | 12 (40) | 28 (52.83) | 15 (50) | 0.52 |
| Aortic regurgitation, N (%) | 3 (10) | 10 (18.87) | 3 (10) | 0.40 |
| Tricuspid regurgitation, N (%) | 12 (40) | 20 (37.74) | 8 (26.67) | 0.50 |
| Aortic stenosis, N (%) | 1 (3.33) | 3 (5.66) | 1 (3.33) | 0.84 |
| Diabetes mellitus, N (%) | 10 (33.33) | 16 (30.19) | 5 (16.67) | 0.29 |
| Arterial hypertension, N (%) | 24 (80) | 40 (75.47) | 19 (63.33) | 0.31 |
| Hyperlipidemia, N (%) | 28 (93.33) | 33 (62.26) | 25 (83.33) | < 0.001 |
| Laboratory test results | ||||
| NTproBNP on admission (pg/ml) | 231 (133–399) | 355 (183–933) | 816.0 (367–2041) | < 0.001 |
| hs-cTnT on admission (pg/ml) | 8.40 (5.90–11.30) | 11.3 (8–22.80) | 13.30 (8.80–21.10) | 0.02 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 13(12.10–14) | 13.40 (11.60–14.50) | 14(13.40–15.10) | 0.02 |
| Sodium (mmol/l) | 141 (140–142) | 141 (140–143) | 141.50 (140–143) | 0.50 |
| Potassium (mmol/l) | 4.40 (4.20–4.60) | 4.40 (4.10–4.60) | 4.50 (4.30–4.80) | 0.09 |
| Creatinine (μmol/l) | 0.82 (0.60–1.14) | 0.88 (0.76–0.98) | 0.96 (0.76–1.06) | 0.35 |
| CRP (mg/l) | 0.50 (0.50–0.60) | 0.50 (0.50–0.88) | 0.57 (0.50–1.40) | 0.11 |
| Selected biochemical biomarkers results | ||||
| Neprilysin (pg/ml) | 339.15 (221.82–687.58) | 480.18 (323.93–792.24) | 342.08 (228.75–959.99) | 0.38 |
| Galectin-3 (ng/ml) | 7.96 (5.44–12.45) | 9.35 (7.06–13.23) | 9.98 (8.20–12.13) | 0.18 |
| hs-CRP (ug/ml) | 2.24 (0.96–3.81) | 2.46 (0.74–5.24) | 3.09 (1.04–7.46) | 0.46 |
| ST-2 (pg/ml) | 14.73 (13.10–29.45) | 31.04 (19.14–47.13) | 25.87 (14.73–52.45) | 0.002 |
| Ferritin (ng/ml) | 166 (51.78–381.29) | 118.18 (49.40–383.04) | 232.37 (130.66–391.31) | 0.31 |
| Medications | ||||
| ACEI, N (%) | 19 (63.33) | 32 (60.38) | 24 (80) | 0.18 |
| ARB, N (%) | 3 (10) | 11 (20.75) | 4 (13.33) | 0.40 |
| ARNI, N (%) | 0 | 0 | 10 (8.85) | < 0.001 |
| BB, N (%) | 24 (80) | 45 (84.91) | 29 (9667) | 0.14 |
| MRA, N (%) | 9 (30) | 23 (43.40) | 20 (66.67) | 0.015 |
Data are given as median (interquartile range) unless otherwise indicated
A p value of < 0.05 is considered statistically significant (values in bold in the table)
HR heart rate, QTcBaz QT intervals reflecting cardiac repolarization were calculated by Bazett, NYHA New York Heart Association, 6MWT 6-min walk test, KCCQ Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire, AHF acute heart failure, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention, CABG coronary artery bypass graft surgery, ICD implantable cardioverter defibrillator, CRT cardiac resynchronization therapy, NTproBNP N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide, hs-cTnT high-sensitive cardiac troponin, CRP C-reactive protein, hs-CRP high-sensitive C-reactive protein, ST-2 suppression of tumourigenicity 2 soluble interleukin 1 receptor-like 1, ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, ARB angiotensin receptor blockers, ARNI angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor, BB beta blockers, MRA mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists