Table 1.

Sociodemographic characteristics and CPS involvement of births in California in 2017 Investigated for maltreatment in infancy by identified prenatal substance exposure

	Investigated	PSE	No PSE	PSE prevalence
	(N = 22,855)	(26.2%)	(73.8%)
	n	Column %	Column %	Row %
Outcomes at age 3
Ever in foster care	6560	48.6	21.7	44.3**
Adoption or guardianship	2081	21.8	4.6	62.5**
Nonparental custody	4219	34.9	12.6	49.5**
Sociodemographic and pregnancy characteristics
Maternal race and ethnicity
White	5691	33.4	21.9	35.1**
Black	3277	15.6	13.9	28.4*
Asian or Pacific Islander	855	2.6	4.2	18.1**
Native American or Alaska Native	316	2.1	1.1	38.9**
All other races	644	3.5	2.6	32.0*
U.S.-born Hispanic	9049	37.4	40.4	24.7**
Foreign-born Hispanic	3023	5.6	15.9	11.1**
Maternal age
< 20	1646	3.4	8.5	12.5**
20–24	5710	23.1	25.6	24.2**
25–34	11,762	57.3	49.4	29.1**
≥ 35	3731	16.2	16.4	25.9
Parity
First birth	6163	25.0	27.7	24.2**
Second or third birth	10,235	43.9	45.1	25.7
Fourth or higher birth	6401	30.6	27.1	28.5**
Birth payment method
Public	18,269	84.8	78.2	27.7**
Private	4535	14.7	21.7	19.4
Paternity
Established	16,581	58.6	77.5	21.1**
Missing	6274	41.4	22.5	39.4
Prenatal care
First trimester	16,098	62.6	73.2	23.2**
Second trimester	4587	22.0	19.4	28.6**
Third trimester, none, or missing	2170	15.4	7.4	42.4**
Low birth weight
< 2500g	2887	19.6	10.2	40.6**
≥ 2500g	19,968	80.4	89.9	24.1

Missing values: maternal age (n = 6, 0.03%), birth payment method (n = 51, 0.22%), parity (n = 56, 0.25%)

Pairwise comparison p-values: ** <0.001, * <0.01